546 PANTICAPAEUM. Crimea Kertch is still called Bofpor. The old name, however, conlinued in use for a long time ; for in the Italian charts of the middle a^es vre find the town called PaTulico or Poudico, as well as Bospro or Vos2)ro. The walls of the city were repaired by Justinian. (Procop. de Aedif. iii. 7.) The site of Panticapaeum is well described by Strabo. " Panticapaeum," he says, " is a hill, 20 stadia in circumference, covered with buildings on every side : towards the east it has a harbour and docks for 30 ships ; it has also a citadel " (vii. p. 390). The hill is now called the Arm-chair of Mithridates. The modern town of Kertch stands at tiie foot of the hill, a great part of it upon alluvial soil, the site of which was probably covered by the sea in ancient times Hence the bay on the northern side of the city appears to have advanced originally much further into the land ; and there was probably at one time a second port on the southern side, of which there now remains only a small lake, separated from the sea by a bar of sand. Foundations of ancient buildings and lieaps of brick and pottery are still scattered over the hill of Mithridates; but the most remarkable ancient remains are the numerous tu- muli round Kertch, in which many valuable works of art iiave been discovered, and of which a full ac- count is given in the works mentioned below. The most extraordinary of these tumuli are those of the kings situated at the mountain called Altun-Obo, or the golden mountain, by the Tartars. One of the tumuli is in the form of a cone, 100 feet high and 450 feet in diameter, and cased on its exterior with large blocks of stone, cubes of 3 or 4 feet, placed without cement or mortar. This remarkable monu- ment has been at all times the subject of mysterious legends, but the entrance to it was not discovered till 1832. This entrance led to a gallery, con- structed of layers of worked stone without cement, 60 feet long and 10 feet high, at the end of which Was a vaulted chamber, 3.5 feet high and 20 feet in diameter, the floor of which was 10 feet below the floor of the entrance. This chamber, however, was empty, though on the ground was a large square stone, on which a sarcophagus might have rested. This tumulus stands at a spot where two branches of a lone rampart meet, which extends N. to the Sea of Azof, and SE. to the Bosporus just above Nymph- aeuni. It was probably the ancient boundary of the territory of Panticapaeum and of the kingdom of the Bosporus, before the conquest of Nymphaeum and Theudosia. Within the rampart, 150 paces to the E., there is another monument of the same kind, but unfinished. It consists of a circular esplanade, 500 paces round and 1 66 in diameter, with an ex- terior covering of Cyclopean masonry, built of worked stones, 3 feet long and high, of which there are only five layers. But the greatest discovery has been at the hill, called by the Tartars Kul-Oho, or the hill of cinders, which is situated outside of the ancient rampart, and 4 miles from Kertch. Here is a tumulus 165 feet in diameter; and as some soldiers were carrying away from it in 1830 the stones with which it was covered, they accidentally opened a passage into the interior. A vestibule, 6 feet square, led into a tomb 15 feet long and 14 broad, which contained bones of a king and queen, golden and silver vases, and other ornaments. Below this tomb was another, still richer; and from the two no less than 120 pounds' weight of gold orna- ments are said to have been extracted. From the PAPHLAGONIA. forms of the letters found here, as well as from other circumstances, it is supposed that the tomb was erected not later than the fourth century b. c. (Dubois, Voyage autotir du Caucase, vol. v. p. 11 3, seq. ; Seymour, Russia on the Black Sea, cfr. p. 255, seq. ; Neumann, Die HeUenen in Skythen- lande, vol. i. p. 478, seq.) COIN OF PANTICAPAEUM. PANTICAPES (JlavTiKcinTis), a river of Euro- pean Sarmatia, between the Borysthenes and the Tanais, rises in a lake, according to Herodotus, in the N., separates the agricultural and nomad Scythians, flows through the district Hylaea, and falls into the Borysthenes. (Herod, iv. 18, 19, 47, 54; comp. Plin. iv. 12. s. 26; Mela, ii. 1. § 5.) Dionysius Per. (314) says that it rises in the Rhi- paean mountains. Many suppose it to be the Sa- mara ; but it cannot be identified with certainty with any modem river. For the various opinions held on the subject, see Bahr, ad Herod, iv. 54; Ukert, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 191. Stephanus B. erro- neously states that the town of Panticapaeum stood upon a river Panticapes. [Panticapaeum.] PANTrCHIUxM(narT(x'oi'),a small coast-town of Bithynia, to the south-east of Chalcedon, on the coast of the Propontis. {It. Ant. p. 140; Hierocl. p. 571 ; Tab. Peut.) The place still bears the name of Pandik or Pandikhi. [L. S.] PANTOM ATRIUM (navroi^dTpiov. Eth. Hav- Toixarpios; Steph. B. s. v."), a town on the N. coast of Crete, placed by Ptolemy (iii. 17. § 7) between Rhithymna and the promontory of Dium, but by Pliny (iv. 20. s. 20) more to the W., between Ap- terum and Amphimalla: probably on the modern C. Retina. (Hock, Creta, i. pp. 18, 394.) [T.H.D.] PANYASUS. [Pai^mnus.] PANYSUS {navv(T{(T)6s, Ptol. iii. 10. § 8; PUn. iv. 11. s. 18), a river of Moesia Inferior, flowing into the Euxine at Odessus {Varrta'). [T. H. D.j PAPHLAGO'NIA (XlaipKayovia: Eth. UacpKa- ydv), a country in the north of Asia Minor, bor- dering in the west on Bithynia, in the east on Pontus, and in the south on Galatia, while the north is washed by the Euxine. The river Parthenius in the west divided it from Bithynia, the Halys in the east from Pontus, and Mount Olgassys in the south from Galatia. (Hecat. Fragm. 140; Scylax, p. 34; Strab. xii. pp. 544, 563; Agathem. ii. 6.) But in the case of this, as of other countries of Asia Minor, the boundaries are somewhat fluctuating. Strabo, for example, when saying that Paphlagonia also bordered on Phrygia in the south, was most probably thinking of those earlier times when the Galatians had not yet established themselves in Phr3'gia. Pliny (vi. 2) again includes Amisus beyond the Halys in Paphlagonia, while Mela (i. 19) regards Sinope, on the west of the Halys, as a city of Pon- tus. It is probable, however, that in early tiines the Paphlagonians occupied, besides Paphlagonia proper, a considerable tract of country on the east of the Halys, perhaps as far as Themiscyra or even Cape lasonium (Xenoph. Anab. v. 6. § 1 ; Slrub. sii.
