TAPHLAGONIA. p. 548), and tliat the Halys did not become the jicnnanent boundary until the consolidation of the Itingdom of Pontus. The whole length of the coun- try from west to east amounted to about 40 geo- graphical miles, and its extent from north to south about 20. Paplilagonia was on the whole a some- what rough and mountainous country, Mount 01- gassys sending furth its ramifications to the north, sometimes even as far as the coast of the Euxine; but the northern part nevertheless contains extensive and fertile plains. (Xeiioph. Anab. v. 6. § 6, foil.; comp. Strab. xii. p. 543; Pococke, Travels, iii. p. 138.) The Olgassys is tlie chief mountain of Paphlagonia. Its numerous branches are not distinguished by any special names, except the Scorobas and Cytorus. Its most remarkable promontories are Carambis and Syrias; its rivers, with the exception of tlie Halys, are but small and have short courses, as the Sesamus, Ochosbajn'es, Evarchus, Zalecus, and Amnias. The fertility was not the same in all parts of the country, for the northern plains were not inferior in this respect to other parts of Asia Jlinor, and were even rich in olive plantations (Strab. xii. p. 546), but the southern, or more mount- ainous parts, were rough and unproductive, though distinguished for their large forests. Paphlagonian horses were celebrated in the earliest times (Hom. II. ii. 281, foil.); the mules and antelopes (SopKciSfs) were likewise highly prized. In some parts sheep- breeding was carried on to a considerable extent, while the chase was one of the favourite pursuits of all the Paphlagonians. (Strab. xii. p. 547; Liv. xxxviii. 18.) Stories are related by the ancients according tp which fish were dug out of the earth in Paphlagonia. (Strab. xii. p. 562 ; Athen. viii. p. 331.) The forests in the south furnished abundance of timber, and the boxus of Mount Cotyrus was celebrated. (Theophr. H. P. iii. 15; Plin. xvi. 16; C;itull. iv. 13; Val. Flacc. v. 16.) Of mineral pro- ducts we hear little except that a kind of red chalk was found in abundance. The name Paphlagonia is derived in the legends from Paphlagon, a son of Phineus. (Eustath. ad Horn. II. ii. 851, ad Dion. Per. 787; Steph. B. s. V. ; Const. Porph. de Them. i. 7.) Some mo- dern antiquaries have had recourse to the Semitic languages to find the etymology and meaning of the name ; but no certain results can be obtained. An ancient name of the country is said to have been Pylaeraeiiia (Plin. vi. 2 ; Justin, xxxvii. 4), because the Paphlagonian princes pretended to be descendants of Pylaemenes, the leader of the Paphla- gonian Heneti (Horn. 11. xi. 851) in the Trojan War, after whom they also called themselves Pylaemenes. The Paphlagonians, who are spoken of even in the Homeric poems (/?. ii. 851, v. 577, xiii. 656, 661), appear, like the Leucosyri on that coast, to have been of Syrian origin, and therefore to have belonged to the same stock as the Cappadocians. (Herod, i. 72, ii. 104 ; Plut. Lucull. 23 ; Eustath. ad Diomjs. Per. 72.) They widely differed in their language and manners from their Thracian and Celtic neighbours. Their language, of which Strabo (xii. p. 552) enumerates some proper names, had to some extent been adopted by the inhabitants of the eastern bank of the Halys. Their armour consisted of a peculiar kind of helmets made of wickerwork, small shields, long spears, javelins, and daggers. (Herod, vii. 72 ; Xenoph. Anab. v. 2. § 28, 4. § 13.) Their cavalry was very celebrated on account of their excellent horses. (Xenoph. Anah. v. 6. § 8.) PAPHUS. 54" The Paphlagonians are described by the ancients as a superstitious, silly, and coarse people, though this seems to apply to the inhabitants of the interior more than to those of the coast. (Xenoph. Anah. V. 9. § 6 ; ArLstoph. Eq. 2, 65, 102, 110; Lucian, Alex. 9. foil.) IJesides the Paphlagonians proper and the Greek colonists on the coast, we hear of the Heneti and Macrones, concerning whose nationality nothing is known : they may accordingly have been subdivisions of the Paphlagonians themselves, or they may have been foreign immigrants. Until the time of Croesus, the country was governed by native independent princes, but that king made Paphlagonia a part of his empire. (Herod, i. 28.) On the conquest of Lydia by Cyrus, the Paphlagonians were incorporated with the Persian empire, in which they formed a part of the third satrapy. (Herod, iii. 90.) But at that great dis- tance from the seat of the government, the satiaps found it easy to assert their independence ; and independent Paplilagonian kings are accordingly mentioned as early as the time of Xenophon {Anab. v. 6. § 3, 9. § 2). In the time of Alex- ander the Great, whose expedition did not touch those northern parts, kings of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia are still mentioned. (Arrian, Anah. ii. 4. § 1 ; iii. 8. § 5 ; Diod. Sic. xviii. 16.) But this independence, though it may have been merely nominal, ceased soon after, and Paphlagonia and Cappadocia fell to the share of Eumenes. (Diod. Sic. xviii. 3 ; Justin, xiii. 4, 16.) After Eumenes' death, it was again governed by native princes, until in the end it was incorporated with the kingdom of Pontus by Mithridates. (Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 72, ed. Bekker ; Diod. Eclog. xxxi. 3 ; Justin, xxxvii. 1 ; Strab. xii. p. 540; Appian, Mithrid. 11, 12.) Jli- thridates, however, soon afterwards divided Paphla- gonia with his neighbour Nicomedes, who made his son, under the name of Palaemenes, king of Paphla- gonia. (Justin, xxxvii. 3, 4.) After the conquest of Mithridates, the Romans united the coast dis- tricts of Paphlagonia with Bithynia, but the in- terior was again governed by native princes (Strab. I.e. ; Appian, B. C. ii. 71 ; Plut. Pomp. 73) ; and when their race became extinct, the Romans incor- porated the whole with their empire, and thence- forth Paphlagonia formed a part of the province of Galatia. (Stiab. vi. p. 288, xii. pp. 541, 562.) In the new division of the empire in the fourth century, Paphlagonia became a separate province, only the easternmost part being cut of}' and added to Pontus. (Hierocl. pp. 695, 701.) The princii)al coast towns were Amastris, Ekythini, Cromna, Cytorus, Aeglalus, Abonitichos, Cimoi.is, Stephahe, Potami, Armenk, Sinope, and Ca- BUSA. The whole of the interior of the country was divided, according to Strabo, into nine district.s, viz. Blaene, Domanetis, Pimolisene, Cimiatene, Ti- monitis, Gezatorigus, Marmolitis, Sanisene, and Po- tamia. The interior contained only few towns, such as Pompeiopolis, Gangra, and some mountain for- tresses. [L. S.] PAPHUS (Ptol. viii. 20. § 3, &c.: Kth. and Adj. nd(pios, Paphius, and Papliiacus), the name of two towns seated on the SW. extremity of the coa.st of Cyprus, viz.. Old Paphos (ndcf^os iraAaia, Ptol. V. 14. § 1 ; or, in one word, naAaiTra<f)os, Strab. xiv. p. 683; Palacpaphos, Plin. v. 31. s. 35) and New Papiios {Vld(f)os Neo, Ptol. I. c; Nea Paphos, Plin. I. c). The name of Paphos, without any ad- junct, is used by poets and by writers of prose to N N 2
