PINETUS. name, which flows into the Cephissus near Lilaea. [Doris.] It was also called Acyphas CAKv<pas), as we learn from Strabo and from Theopompus (ap. Steph. B. s. V. 'AKvipas). In one passage Strabo says that Pindus lay above Erineus, and in another he plates it in the district of Oetaea ; it is, therefore, probable that the town stood in the upper part of the valley, near the sources of tlie river in the mountain. (Strab. ix. pp. 427, 434 ; Scymn. Ch. .591 ; Schol. ad Find. Pyth. i. 121 ; Mel. ii. 3 ; Plin. iv. 7. s. 13 ; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 92.) PINE'TUS (niVTjTos, Ptol. ii. 6. § 39), a town of Lusitania, on the road from Bracara to Asturica (^Itin. Ant. p. 422). Ptolemy places it between the Durius and the Minius, and consequently in the territory of the Gallaeci ; but, according to the Itine- rary, it must have lain S. of the former river. Va- riously identified with Pinhel, Pinkeira, and Miran- della. [T. H. D.] PINGUS, a river of Upper Jloesia, in the ter- ritoiy of the Dardani. (Plin. iii. 26. s. 29.) It was probably an affluent of the Margus, and is com- monly identified with the Ypeh. [T. H. D.] PINNA (Jlivva : Eth. Pinnensis : Civita di Penne'), a city of the Vestini, situated on the eastern slope of the Apennines, about 15 miles from the sea. It is noticed both by Pliny and Ptolemy, as well as by Silius Italicus, among the cities of the Vestini, and seems to have been a municipal to'wn of im- portance ; but the only mention of its name in his- tory is during the Social War, when its inhabitants distinguished themselves by their fidelity to Rome, and withstood all the efforts of the Italian allies to shake their constancy. (Diod. x.xxvii. Exc. Vales. p. 612, Exc. Vat. p. 120.) The circumstances are evidently misrepresented by Valerius Maximus (v. 4. § 7). Numerous inscriptions attest its local con- sideration; and it appears to have received a colony, or at least an accession of citizens, under Augustus. (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Ptol. iii. 1. § 59 ; Lib. Colon. pp. 227, 257 ; Sil. Ital. viii. 517 ; Inscr. ap. Ro- nmnelli, vol. iii. pp. 252, 253 ; Mommsen, Inscr. R. N. p. 327.) Vitruvius also notices it as having some mineral waters in its neighbourhood, which re- sembled those at Cutiliae (viii. 3. § 5). It early became an episcopal see, a dignity which it still retains; and the modem city undoubtedly occupies the same site with the ancient one. Some remains of ancient buildings are extant, but they are of little importance. The name of Pinna is found in the Tabula, where it is marked as a place of importance; but the distances annexed are confused and erro- neous. [E. H. B.] PI'NTIA (UtvTia, Ptol. ii. 6. § 50). 1. A town of the Vaccaei in Hispania Tarraconensis, and ac- cording to the Itinerary (p. 443), on the road from Asturica to Caesaraugusta. It is usually identified with VaUadolid (Mariana, x. 7 ; Nonius, Hisp. c. 56; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 432). 2. A town of the Callai'ci Lucenses in Hispania Tarraconensis, between Libunca and Caronium. (Ptol. ii. 6. § 23.) [T. H. D.] PINTUA'EIA INS. [Fortusatae Insulae.] PION (riioii'), a hill in the neighbourhood of I'-jihesus, at the foot of which that city wius situated. (I'aus. vii. 5. § 5 ; Plin. v. 31 ; Strab. xiv. p. 633, where it is called Prion.) [L. S.] PIO'NIA (ITiovio: Eth. Pionita), a town in the interior of Mysia, on the river Satnioeis, to the north- west of Antandras, and to the north-east of Gar- PISA. 631 gara. (Strab. xiii. p. 610.) Ujider the Roman dominion it belonged to the jurisdiction of Adrainyt- tium (Plin. v. 32), and in the ecclesiastical notices it appears as a bishopric of the Hellespontine pro- vince. (Hicrocl. p. 663; Sestini, p. 75.) [L- S 1 PIRAEEUS or PEIRAEEUS. [Athenae, p. 306.] PIRAEUM or PEIRAEUM, in Corinthia fp. 685, b.]. PIRAEUS or PEIP^EUS, in Corinthia [p. 685, a.]. PIRATHON (^apadiiv, Joseph., LXX.), a town in the land of Ephraim, and in the mount of the Amalekites, to which Abdon, one of the judges of Israel, belonged, and where he was buried. (^Judges, xii. 13, 15.) It was repaired and fortified by Bac- chides, in his campaign against the Jews (I Mace. ix. 50; Joseph. Ant. xiii. 1. § 3.) PIRE'NE or PEIRE'NE FONS. [Corinthus, p. 680, b.] PIRE'SIAE. [Asterium.] PIRUS or PEIRUS. [Achaia, p. 13, b.] PIRUSTAE {Uipovff-rai, Ptol. ii. 17. § 8; Tln- pov<TTai, Strab. vii. p. 314), a people of Illyria, whom the Romans declared free of taxes, because they as- sisted the latter in subduing Genlius. (Liv. xlv. 26.) Strabo (I. c.) calls them a Pannonian people. Respecting the position of the Piruslae on the north* ern frontier of Dassaretia, see Vol. I. p. 755, b. PISA (n?cro: Eth. Xliaurris, Ilia-aieus), a town in Peloponnesus, was in the most ancient times the capital of an independent district, called Pisatis (^ TltauTis), which subsequently formed part of the territory of Elis. It was celebrated in mythology as the residence of Oenomaus and Pelops, and was the head of a confederacy of eight states, of which, besides Pisa, the following names are recorded: — Salmone, Heracleia, Harpinna, Cycesium, and Dys- pontium. (Strab. viii. p. 356. seq.) Pisa had ori- ginally the presidency of the Olympic festival, but was deprived of this privilege by the Eleians. The Pisatans, however, made many attempts to recover it; and the history of their wars with the Eleians, which were at last terminated by the destruction of Pisa in b. c. 572, is narrated elsewhere. [Elis, Vol. I. p. 818, b.] Although Pisa ceased to exist as a city from this time, the Pisatans, in conjunc- tion with the Arcadians, celebrated the 104th Olympic festival, B. c. 364. [See Vol. I. p. 819, b.] Pisa was said to have been founded by an epony- mous hero, Pisus, the son of Perieres, and grandson of Aeolus (Paus. vi. 22. § 2) ; but others derived its name from a fountain Pisa. (Strab. viii. p. 356; Eustath. ad JJionys. Per. 409.) Modern writers connect its name with TGcros, a low marshy ground, or with YlicTca, the name of the black fir or pine- tree. So completely was Pisa destroyed by the Eleians, that the fact of its having existed was a disputed point in the time of Strabo (/. c.) ; and Pausanias found its site converted into a vineyard (vi. 22. § 1). Its situation, however, was perfectly well known to Pindar and Herodotus. Pindar fre- quently identifies it with Olympia (e.g. 01. ii. 3); and Herodotus refers to Pisa and Olympia as the same point in computing the distance from the altar of the twelve gods at Athens (ii. 7). Pisa appears from Pau.sanias to have occupied a position between Harpinna and Olympia, which were only 20 stadia asunder (Lucian, de Mort. Pererjr. 35) ; and the Scholiast on Pindar (0/. xi. 51) says that Pisa was only 6 stadia from Olympia. It must therefore be s y 4
