Street. From boyhood he made observations on the weather with instruments of his own construction, and at the age of seventeen became a member of the Royal Meteorological Society. From 1863 he sat on the council, acted as secretary 1873–9 and 1882–99, and was elected president in 1880 and again in 1900. In 1857 he undertook, and continued to discharge until his death, the duties of meteorological reporter to the registrar-general, and was appointed by Admiral Fitzroy in 1860 to a post in the meteorological department of the board of trade, which he held for three years. He resigned it owing to the growing exigencies of his rainfall observations. The first of a series of thirty-nine annual volumes containing statistics on the subject was published by him in 1860; it included records from 168 stations in England and Wales. In 1898 the number of stations had grown to 3,404, of which 436 were in Scotland and 186 in Ireland, and they were manned by an army of over three thousand volunteer observers. This unique organisation was kept by Symons under close personal supervision, and the upshot was the accumulation of a mass of data of standard value, unmatched in any other country. The sanitary importance of water-supply was a determining motive for its collection.
Symons began, in 1863, the issue of a monthly rain-circular, which developed in 1866 into the 'Monthly Meteorological Magazine,' still in course of publication. He was a prominent member of various committees appointed by the British Association, and as secretary to the conference on lightning rods in 1878 shared largely in the four years' task of compiling its report. Elected in 1878 a fellow of the Royal Society, he acted as chairman of the committee on the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, and edited the voluminous report published in 1888. He sat on the council of the Social Science Association in 1878, and on the jury of the Health Exhibition in 1884; was registrar to the Sanitary Institute from 1880 to 1895, and drew up a report on the Essex earthquake of 22 April 1884 for the Mansion House committee. In 1876 he received the Telford premium of the Institution of Civil Engineers for a paper on 'Floods and Water Economy,' and in 1897 the Albert medal of the Society of Arts for the 'services rendered to the United Kingdom' by his rainfall observations.
He was a member of the Scottish and Australasian Meteorological Societies, of the Royal Botanical Society, and of many foreign learned associations. Twice elected to the council of the Societe Météorologique de France, he frequently attended its meetings at Paris, and was made, in 1891, a chevalier of the legion of honour.
Struck with paralysis on 14 Feb., he died on 10 March 1900, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He married in 1866 Elizabeth Luke, who shared his labours until her death in 1884. Their only child died in infancy.
His work on rainfall is being continued by Mr. H. Sowerby Wallis, his coadjutor during thirty years. A paper on 'The Wiltshire Whirlwind of October 1, 1889,' prepared by him a few days before his last illness, was read to the Royal Meteorological Society on 16 May 1900. A gold medal in his memory was founded by the same body, to be awarded for services to meteorological science. The record of weather kept by Symons at his house in Camden Square was maintained unbroken for forty-two years. Throughout his life he made many friends and incurred no enmity. His library contained ten thousand volumes and pamphlets. Besides essays and reports, he wrote:
- 'Rain: how, when, where, why it is measured,' London, 1867.
- 'Pocket Altitude Tables,' London, 1876, &c., three editions.
- 'The Floating Island in Derwentwater,' London, 1889.
- 'Merle's MS. Consideraciones Temperiei pro 7 Annis 1337–1344,' reproduced under his supervision, London, 1891 [see Merle, William].
- 'Theophrastus on Winds and Weather Signs,' edited from John George Wood's translation, London, 1894.
Mr. Benjamin Daydon Jackson's 'Vegetable Technology,' London, 1882, was based upon a catalogue of works on applied botany published by Symons in the 'Colonies and India' for 13 Sept. 1879. A report drawn up by him in 1861 on the anemometry of Bermuda appeared in the eighth number of the meteorological papers issued by the board of trade.
[Symons's British Rainfall for 1899, compiled by H. Sowerby Wallis, p. 14 (with portrait); Times, 13 March 1900; Nature, 15 March 1900: Observatory, xxiii. 173 (W. C. Nash).]
SYMONS, Sir WILLIAM PENN (1843–1899), major-general, born on 17 July 1843, was eldest son of William Symons of Hatt, Cornwall, by Caroline Anne Southwell, daughter of William Courtis of Plymouth. His father was recorder of Saltash, and was a descendant of Simon, lord of Saint-Sever, who came to England with William I. He was educated privately, and was commissioned as ensign in the 24th foot on 6 March 1863. He became lieutenant on 30 Oct.
