down to 1848), appeared under the same name. Among his other
works the most important are Cours de morale chrétienne et de littérature
religieuse and his Coup d’œil sur congrès d’Ems. The Journal
historique et littéraire, published at Luxembourg and Liége from
1774 to 1794 in 70 volumes, was edited and in great part written by
him.
FELLING, an urban district in the Jarrow parliamentary
division of Durham, England, forming an eastern suburb of
Gateshead. Pop. (1901) 22,467. Its large industrial population
is employed in the neighbouring collieries and the various
attendant manufactures.
FELLOE, the outer rim of a wheel, to which the spokes are
attached. The word is sometimes spelled and usually pronounced
“felly.” It is a Teutonic word, in O. Eng. felg, cognate with
Dutch velge, Ger. Felge; the original Teutonic root from which
these are derived probably meant “to fit together.”
FELLOW, properly and by origin a partner or associate, hence
a companion, comrade or mate, as in “fellow-man,” “fellow-countryman,”
&c. The word from the 15th century has also
been applied, generally and colloquially, to any male person,
often in a contemptuous or pitying sense. The Old English
féolage meant a partner in a business, i.e. one who lays (lag)
money or property (féoh, fee) together for a common purpose.
The word was, therefore, the natural equivalent for socius, a
member of the foundation of an incorporated college, as Eton, or
a college at a university. In the earlier history of universities
both the senior and junior members of a college were known as
“scholars,” but later, as now, “scholar” was restricted to those
members of the foundation still in statu pupillari, and “fellow”
to those senior graduate members who have been elected to the
foundation by the corporate body, sharing in the government and
receiving a fixed emolument out of the revenues of the college.
It is in this sense that “fellow” is used at the universities of
Oxford and Cambridge and Trinity, Dublin. At these universities
the college teaching is performed by those fellows who are also
“tutors.” At other universities the term is applied to the
members of the governing body or to the holders of certain sums
of money for a fixed number of years to be devoted to special
study or research. By analogy the word is also used of the
members of various learned societies and institutions.
FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799–1860), British archaeologist,
was born in August 1799 at Nottingham, where his family had
an estate. When fourteen he drew sketches to illustrate a trip to
the ruins of Newstead Abbey, which afterwards appeared on the
title-page of Moore’s Life of Lord Byron. In 1820 he settled in
London, where he became an active member of the British
Association. In 1827 he discovered the modern ascent of Mont
Blanc. After the death of his mother in 1832 he passed the
greater portion of his time in Italy, Greece and the Levant.
The numerous sketches he executed were largely used in illustrating
Childe Harold. In 1838 he went to Asia Minor, making
Smyrna his headquarters. His explorations in the interior and
the south led him to districts practically unknown to Europeans,
and he thus discovered ruins of a number of ancient cities. He
entered Lycia and explored the Xanthus from the mouth at
Patara upwards. Nine miles from Patara he discovered the ruins
of Xanthus, the ancient capital of Lycia, finely situated on hills,
and abounding in magnificent remains. About 15 m. farther up
he came upon the ruins of Tlos. After taking sketches of the
most interesting objects and copying a number of inscriptions, he
returned to Smyrna through Caria and Lydia. The publication
of A Journal written during an Excursion in Asia Minor (London,
1839) roused such interest that Lord Palmerston, at the request
of the British Museum authorities, asked the British consul at
Constantinople to get leave from the sultan to ship a number
of the Lycian works of art. Late in 1839 Fellows, under the
auspices of the British Museum, again set out for Lycia, accompanied
by George Scharf, who assisted him in sketching. This
second visit resulted in the discovery of thirteen ancient cities,
and in 1841 appeared An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, being
a Journal kept during a Second Excursion in Asia Minor. A
third visit was made late in 1841, after Fellows had obtained
a firman by personal application at Constantinople. He shipped
a number of works of art for England, and in the fourth and
most famous expedition (1844) twenty-seven cases of marbles
were despatched to the British Museum. His chief discoveries
were at Xanthus, Pinara, Patara, Tlos, Myra and Olympus. In
1844 he presented to the British Museum his portfolios, accounts
of his expeditions, and specimens of natural history illustrative
of Lycia. In 1845 he was knighted “as an acknowledgment
of his services in the removal of the Xanthian antiquities to
this country.” He paid his own expenses in all his journeys and
received no public reward. Fellows was twice married. He
died in London on the 8th of November 1860.
In addition to the works above mentioned, Fellows published the following: The Xanthian Marbles; their Acquisition and Transmission to England (1843), a refutation of false statements that had been published; An Account of the Ionic Trophy Monument excavated at Xanthus (1848); a cheap edition of his two Journals, entitled Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, particularly in the Province of Lycia (1852); and Coins of Ancient Lycia before the Reign of Alexander; with an Essay on the Relative Dates of the Lycian Monuments in the British Museum (1855). See C. Brown’s Lives of Nottinghamshire Worthies (1882), pp. 352–353, and Journ. of Roy. Geog. Soc., 1861.
FELO DE SE (M.L. a felon, i.e. murderer, of himself), one who
commits murder upon himself. The technical conditions of
murder apply to this crime; e.g., “if one commits any unlawful
malicious act, the consequence of which is his own death, as if
attempting to kill another he runs upon his antagonist’s sword,
or shooting at another the gun bursts and kills himself,” he is a
felo de se. The horror inspired by this crime led to the revolting
punishment of an “ignominious burial on the highway, with a
stake driven through the body.” This was abolished by an act of
1823, which ordered the burial of the body of a person found to be
felo de se within 24 hours after the coroner’s inquest, between the
hours of 9 and 12 at night, and without Christian rites of sepulture.
This act was again superseded in 1882 by the Interments (Felo
de se) Act, which permits the interment of any felo de se in the
churchyard or other burial ground of the parish or place in
which by the law or custom of England he might have been
interred but for the verdict. The interment is carried out in
accordance with the Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880 (see
Burial and Burial Acts). The act does not authorize the
performance of any of the rites of Christian burial, but a special
form of service may be used. Formerly the goods and chattels,
but not the land, of a felo de se were forfeited to the crown, but
such forfeitures were abolished by the Forfeiture Act 1870.
(See also Suicide.)
FELONY (O. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning “wicked,” common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fello, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English “fell” cruel or fierce, is also connected; and the Greek φῆλυς, an impostor, has also been suggested). Legal writers have sought to throw light on the nature of felony by examining the supposed etymology of the word. Coke says it is crimen animo felleo perpetratum [a crime committed with malicious or evil intent (fee lohn)]. Spelman connects it with the word fee, signifying fief or feud; and felony in this way would be equivalent to pretium feudi, an act for which a man lost or gave up his fee (see Stephen’s Commentaries, vol. iv. p. 7). And acts involving forfeiture were styled felonies in feudal law, although they had nothing of a criminal character about them. A breach of duty on the part of the vassal, neglect of service, delay in seeking investiture, and the like were felonies: so were injuries by the lord against the vassal. Modern writers are now disposed to accept Coke’s definition. In English law, crimes are usually classified as treason, felony, misdemeanour and summary offence. Some writers—and with some justice—treat treason merely as a grave form of felony and it is so dealt with in the Juries Detention Act 1897. But owing to legislation in and since the time of William and Mary, the procedure for the trial of most forms of treason differs from that of felony. The expression summary offence is ambiguous. Many offences which are at common law or by statute felonies, or misdemeanours indictable at common law or by statute, may under certain conditions be tried by a court
