endeavoured resolutely to root out heresy in the lands under his rule, and favoured the teaching of the Jesuits in every possible way. He supported the league founded by his brother Maximilian I., duke of Bavaria, and wished to involve the leaguers in a general attack on the Protestants of north Germany. The cool political sagacity of the duke formed a sharp contrast to the impetuosity of the archbishop, and he refused to accede to his brother’s wish; but, in spite of these temporary differences, Ferdinand sent troops and money to the assistance of the league when the Thirty Years’ War broke out in 1619. The elector’s alliance with the Spaniards secured his territories to a great extent from the depredations of the war until the arrival of the Swedes in Germany in 1630, when the extension of the area of the struggle to the neighbourhood of Cologne induced him to enter into negotiations for peace. Nothing came of these attempts until 1647, when he joined his brother Maximilian in concluding an armistice with France and Sweden at Ulm. The elector’s later years were marked by a conflict with the citizens of Liége; and when the peace of Westphalia freed him from his enemies, he was able to crush the citizens and deprive them of many privileges. Ferdinand, who had held the bishopric of Paderborn since 1618, died at Arnsberg on the 13th of September 1650, and was buried in the cathedral at Cologne.
See L. Ennen, Frankreich und der Niederrhein oder Geschichte von Stadt und Kurstadt Köln seit dem 30 jährigen Kriege, Band i. (Cologne, 1855–1856).
FERENTINO (anc. Ferentinum, to be distinguished from
Ferentum or Ferentinum in Etruria), a town and episcopal see
of Italy, in the province of Rome, from which it is 48 m.
E.S.E. by rail. Pop. (1901) 7957 (town), 12,279 (commune). It
is picturesquely situated on a hill 1290 ft. above sea-level, and
still possesses considerable remains of ancient fortifications.
The lower portion of the outer walls, which probably did not
stand free, is built of roughly hewn blocks of a limestone which
naturally splits into horizontal layers; above this in places is
walling of rectangular blocks of tufa. Two gates, the Porta
Sanguinaria (with an arch with tufa voussoirs), and the Porta
S. Maria, a double gate constructed entirely of rectangular blocks
of tufa, are preserved. Outside this gate is the tomb of A.
Quinctilius Priscus, a citizen of Ferentinum, with a long inscription
cut in the rock. See Th. Mommsen in Corp. Inscrip. Lat. x.
(Berlin, 1883), No. 5853.
The highest part of the town, the acropolis, is fortified also; it has massive retaining walls similar to those of the lower town. At the eastern corner, under the present episcopal palace, the construction is somewhat more careful. A projecting rectangular terrace has been erected, supported by walls of quadrilateral blocks of limestone arranged almost horizontally; while upon the level thus formed a building of rectangular blocks of local travertine was raised. The projecting cornice of this building bears two inscriptions of the period of Sulla, recording its construction by two censors (local officials); and in the interior, which contains several chambers, there is an inscription of the same censors over one of the doors, and another over a smaller external side door. The windows lighting these chambers come immediately above the cornice, and the wall continues above them again. The whole of this construction probably belongs to one period (Mommsen, op. cit. No. 5837 seq.). The cathedral occupies a part of the level top of the ancient acropolis; it was reconstructed on the site of an older church in 1099–1118; the interior was modernized in 1693, but was restored to its original form in 1902. It contains a fine canopy in the “Cosmatesque” style (see Relazione dei lavori eseguiti dall’ ufficio tecnico per la conservazione dei monumenti di Rome a provincia, Rome, 1903, 175 seq.). The Gothic church of S. Maria Maggiore, in the lower town (13th-14th century), has a very fine exterior; the interior, the plan of which is a perfect rectangle, has been spoilt by restoration. There are several other Gothic churches in the town.
Ferentinum was the chief town of the Hernici; it was captured from them by the Romans in 364 B.C. and took no part in the rising of 306 B.C. The inhabitants became Roman citizens after 195 B.C., and the place later became a municipium. It lay just above the Via Latina and, being a strong place, served for the detention of hostages. Horace praises its quietness, and it does not appear much in later history. (T. As.)
See further Ashby, Röm. Mittell. xxiv. (1909).
FERENTUM, or Ferentinum, an ancient town of Etruria,
about 6 m. N. of Viterbo (the ancient name of which is unknown)
and 312 m. E. of the Via Cassia. It was the birthplace (32 A.D.) of
the emperor Otho, was destroyed in the 11th century, and is now
entirely deserted, though it retains its ancient name. It occupied
a ridge running from east to west, with deep ravines on three
sides. There are some remains of the city walls, and of various
Roman structures, but the most important ruin is that of the
theatre. The stage front is still standing; it is pierced by seven
openings with flat arches, and shows traces of reconstruction.
The necropolis was on the hill called Talone on the north-east.
See G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1883), i. 156; Notizie degli scavi, 1900, 401; 1902, 84; 1905, 31.
FERETORY (from Lat. feretrum, a bier, from ferre, to bear), in architecture, the enclosure or chapel within which the “fereter” shrine, or tomb (as in Henry VII.’s chapel), was placed.
FERGHANA, or Fergana, a province of Russian Turkestan, formed in 1876 out of the former khanate of Khokand. It is
bounded by the provinces of Syr-darya on the N. and N.W.,
Samarkand on the W., and Semiryechensk on the N.E., by
Chinese Turkestan (Kashgaria) on the E., and by Bokhara and
Afghanistan on the S. Its southern limits, on the Pamirs, were
fixed by an Anglo-Russian commission in 1885, from Zor-kul
(Victoria Lake) to the Chinese frontier; and Shignan, Roshan
and Wakhan were assigned to Bokhara in exchange for part of
Darvaz (on the left bank of the Panj), which was given to
Afghanistan. The area amounts to some 53,000 sq. m., of which
17,600 sq. m. are on the Pamirs. The most important part of
the province is a rich and fertile valley (1200–1500 ft.), opening
towards the S.W. Thence the province stretches northwards
across the mountains of the Tian-shan system and southwards
across the Alai and Trans-Alai Mts., which reach their highest
point in Peak Kaufmann (23,000 ft.), in the latter range. The
valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the Naryn and the Karadarya,
which unite within its confines, near Namangan, to form
the Syr-darya or Jaxartes. These streams, and their numerous
mountain affluents, not only supply water for irrigation, but
also bring down vast quantities of sand, which is deposited
alongside their courses, more especially alongside the Syr-darya
where it cuts its way through the Khojent-Ajar ridge, forming
there the Karakchikum. This expanse of moving sands, covering
an area of 750 sq. m., under the influence of south-west winds,
encroaches upon the agricultural districts. The climate of this
valley is dry and warm. In March the temperature reaches
68° F., and then rapidly rises to 95° in June, July and August.
During the five months following April no rain falls, but it begins
again in October. Snow and frost (down to −4° F.) occur in
December and January.
Out of some 3,000,000 acres of cultivated land, about two-thirds are under constant irrigation and the remaining third under partial irrigation. The soil is admirably cultivated, the principal crops being wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, lucerne, tobacco, vegetables and fruit. Gardening is conducted with a high degree of skill and success. Large numbers of horses, cattle and sheep are kept, and a good many camels are bred. Over 17,000 acres are planted with vines, and some 350,000 acres are under cotton. Nearly 1,000,000 acres are covered with forests. The government maintains a forestry farm at Marghelan, from which 120,000 to 200,000 young trees are distributed free every year amongst the inhabitants of the province.
Silkworm breeding, formerly a prosperous industry, has decayed, despite the encouragement of a state farm at New Marghelan. Coal, iron, sulphur, gypsum, rock-salt, lacustrine salt and naphtha are all known to exist, but only the last two are extracted. Some seventy or eighty factories are engaged in cotton cleaning; while leather, saddlery, paper and cutlery
