| 1877. | St. John. Great fire on June 21. The area burned over was 200 acres. 37 streets and squares totally or in part destroyed; 10 m. of streets; 1650 dwellings. 18 lives lost. Total loss, £2,500,000. Two-fifths of the city burned.
|
| 1846. | St John's (Newfoundland) was nearly destroyed, June 9. Two whole streets burned upwards of 1 m. long. Loss estimated at £1,000,000.
|
| 1850. | Montreal. A fire destroyed the finest part of the city on June 7. 200 houses were burned.
|
| 1852. | Montreal.„ A fire on July 9 rendered 10,000 people destitute. The space burned was 1 m. in length by 12 m. in width, including 1200 houses. Loss, £1, 000,000.
|
South America
| 1536. | Cuzco was nearly consumed. |
| 1861. | Mendoza. A great fire followed an earthquake which had destroyed 10,000 people.
|
| 1862. | Valparaiso was devastated by fire. |
| 1863. | Santiago. Fire in the Jesuit church; 2000 persons, mostly women and children, perished.
|
West Indies
| 1752. | Pierre (Martinique) had 700 houses burned. |
| 1782. | Kingston (Jamaica) had 80 houses burned. Loss, £500,000. |
| 1795. | Montego Bay (Jamaica). Loss by fire of £400,000. |
| 1805. | St Thomas. 900 warehouses consumed. Loss, £6,000,000. |
| 1808. | Spanish Town (Trinidad) was totally destroyed. Loss estimated at £1,500,000. |
| 1828. | Havana lost 350 houses; 2000 persons reduced to poverty. |
| 1843. | Port Republicain (Haiti). Nearly one-third of the town was burned. |
Since this list was compiled, there have been further notable fires, more particularly in North America, the great conflagrations at Chicago, Baltimore and San Francisco being terrible examples. But speaking generally, these conflagrations, extensive as they were, only repeated the earlier lessons as to the necessity of combating the general negligence of the public by attaching far greater importance to the development of fire-preventive measures even than to the better organization of the fire-fighting establishments.
It may be of interest to mention notable fires in the British empire, and London in particular, during the decade 1890 to 1899:—
| Port of Spain (Trinidad) | March | 4, 1895 |
| New Westminster (British Columbia) | Sept. | 10, 1898 |
| Toronto (Ontario) | Jan. 6, March |
10, and 3, 1895 |
| Windsor (Nova Scotia) | Oct. | 17, 1897 |
| St John's (Newfoundland) | July | 8, 1892 |
| London—Charterhouse Square | Dec. | 25, 1889 |
| London—„St Mary Axe | July | 18, 1893 |
| London—„Old Bailey and Fleet Street | Nov. | 15, 1893 |
| London—„Tabernacle Street, Finsbury | June | 21 1894 |
| London—„Bermondsey Leather Market | Sept. | 13, 1894 |
| London—„Bermondsey„ Leather„ Market„ | May | 17, 1895 |
| London—„Minories | Nov. | 10, 1894 |
| London—„South-West India Docks | Feb. | 8, 1895 |
| London—„Charlotte and Leonard Streets, Finsbury | June | 10, 1896 |
| London—„Cripplegate | Nov. | 19, 1897 |
| Nottingham | Nov. | 17, 1894 |
| Sheffield | Dec. | 21, 1893 |
| Bradford | Nov. | 30, 1896 |
| Sunderland | July | 18, 1898 |
| Dublin | May | 4, 1894 |
| Glasgow—Anderston Quay | Jan. | 16, 1897 |
| Glasgow—„Dunlop Street | April | 25, 1898 |
As to fires in any one specific class of building, the extraordinary number of fires that occurred in theatres and similar places of public entertainment up to the close of the 19th century calls for mention. Since that time, however, there has been a considerable abatement in this respect, owing to the adoption of successful measures of fire prevention. A list of some 1100 fires was published by Edwin O. Sachs in 1897 (Fires at Public Entertainments), and the results of these fires analysed. They involved a recorded loss of life to the extent of 9350 souls. About half of them (584) occurred in Europe, and the remainder in other parts of the world. Since the publication of that list extraordinary efforts have been made in all countries to reduce the risk of fires in public entertainments. The only notable disaster that has occurred since was that at the Iroquois Theatre at Chicago.
The annual drain in loss of life and in property through fires is far greater than is generally realized, and although the loss of life and property is being materially reduced from year to year, mainly by the fire-preventive measures that are now making themselves felt, the annual fire wastage of the world still averages quite £50,000,000 sterling. It is extremely difficult to obtain precise data as to the fire loss, insured and uninsured, but it may be assumed that in Great Britain the annual average loss by fire, towards the end of the 19th century (say 1897), was about £17,000,000 sterling, and that this had been materially reduced by 1909 to probably somewhere about £12,000,000 sterling. This extraordinary diminution in the fire waste of Great Britain,—in spite of the daily increasing number of houses, and the increasing amount of property in buildings—is in the main owing to the fire-preventive measures, which have led to a better class of new building and a great improvement in existing structures, and further, to a greater display of intelligence and interest in general fire precautionary measures by the public.
Notable improvements in the fire service have been effected, more particularly in London and in the country towns of the south of England since 1903. The International Fire Exhibition held in 1903 at Earl’s Court, and the Fire Prevention Congress of the same year, may be said to have revolutionized thought on the subject of fire brigade organization and equipment in the British empire; but, for all that, the advance made by the fire service has not been so rapid as the development of the fire-preventive side of fire protection.
Fire Protection.—The term “Fire Protection” is often misunderstood. Fire-extinguishing—in other words, fire brigade work—is what the majority understand by it, and many towns consider themselves well protected if they can boast of an efficiently manned fire-engine establishment. The fire brigade as such, however, has but a minor rôle in a rational system of protection. Really well-protected towns owe their condition in the first place to properly applied preventive legislation, based on the practical experience and research of architects, engineers, fire experts and insurance and municipal officials. Fire protection is a combination of fire prevention, fire combating and fire research.
Under the heading of “Fire Prevention” should be classed all preventive measures, including the education of the public; and under the heading “Fire Combating” should be classed both self-help and outside help.
Preventive measures may be the result of private initiative, but as a rule they are defined by the local authority, and contained partly in Building Acts, and partly in separate codes of fire-survey regulations—supplemented, if necessary, by special rules as to the treatment of extraordinary risks, such as the storage of petroleum, the manufacture of explosives, and theatrical performances. The education of the public may be simply such as can be begun informally at school and continued by official or semi-official warnings, and a judicious arrangement with the newspapers as to the tendency of their fire reports.
Such forms of training have already been successfully introduced. There are English towns where the authorities have, for instance, had some of the meaningless fables of the old elementary school Standard Reader replaced by more instructive ones, which warn children not to play with matches, and teach them to run for help in case of an emergency. Instructive copy-book headings have been arranged in place of the meaningless sentences so often used in elementary schools. There are a number of municipalities where regular warnings are issued every December as to the dangerous Christmas-tree. In such places every inhabitant has at least an opportunity of learning how to throw a bucket of water properly, and how to trip up a burning woman and roll her up without fanning the flames. The householder is officially informed where the nearest fire-call point is, and how long he must expect to wait till the first engine can reach his house. If he is a newspaper reader, he will also have ample opportunity of knowing the resources of his town, and the local reporter’s fire report will give him much useful information based on facts or hints supplied by the authorities.
Both self-help and outside help must be classed under the heading of “Fire Combating.” Self-help mainly deals with the protection of large risks, such as factories, stores and public places of amusement, which lend themselves to regulation.
