time by the Resumption Act of January 1875, opposition to it did not cease. A bill went through both Houses of Congress providing that a silver dollar should be coined of the weight of 41212 grains, to be full legal tender for all debts and dues, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. President Hayes returned this bill with his veto, but the veto was overruled in both Houses of Congress. Meanwhile, however, the preparations for the return to specie payments were continued by the Administration with unflinching constancy and on the 1st of January 1879 specie payments were resumed without difficulty. None of the evils predicted appeared. A marked revival of business and a period of general prosperity ensued. In his annual message of the 1st of December 1879 President Hayes urged the suspension of the silver coinage and also the withdrawal of the United States legal tender notes, but Congress failed to act upon the recommendation. His administration also did much to ameliorate the condition of the Indian tribes and to arrest the spoliation of the public forest lands.
Although President Hayes was not popular with the professional politicians of his own party, and was exposed to bitter attacks on the part of the Democratic opposition on account of the cloud which hung over his election, his conduct of public affairs gave much satisfaction to the people generally. In the presidential election of 1880 the Republican party carried the day after an unusually quiet canvass, a result largely due to popular contentment with the then existing state of public affairs. On the 4th of March 1881 President Hayes retired to his home at Fremont, Ohio. Various universities and colleges conferred honorary degrees upon him. His remaining years he devoted to active participation in philanthropic enterprises; thus he served as president of the National Prison Association and of the Board of Trustees chosen to administer the John F. Slater fund for the promotion of industrial education among the negroes of the South, and was a member, also, of the Board of Trustees of the Peabody Education fund for the promotion of education in the South. He died at Fremont, after a short illness, on the 17th of January 1893.
There is no adequate biography, but three “campaign lives” may be mentioned: Life, Public Services and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James Quay Howard (Cincinnati, 1876); Life of R. B. Hayes, by William D. Howells (New York, 1876); and a Life by Russell H. Conwell (Boston, 1876). See also Paul L. Haworth, The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876 (Cleveland, O., 1906). (C. S.)
HAY FEVER, Hay Asthma, or Summer Catarrh, a catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, due to the action of the pollen of certain grasses. It is often associated with asthmatic attacks. The disease affects certain
families, and is hereditary in about one-third of the cases. It
is more common among women than men, city than country
dwellers, and the educated and highly nervous than the lower
classes. It has no connexion with the coryzas that are produced
in nervous people by the odour of cats, &c. The complaint has
been investigated by Professor W. P. Dunbar of Hamburg,
who has shown that it is due to the pollens of certain grasses
(notably rye) and plants, and that the severity of the attack is
directly proportional to the amount of pollen in the air. He has
isolated an albuminoid poison which, when applied to the nose
of a susceptible individual, causes an attack, while there is no
result in the case of a normal person. By injecting the poison
into animals, he has obtained an anti-toxin, which is capable of
aborting an attack of hay fever. The symptoms are those
commonly experienced in the case of a severe cold, consisting of
headache, violent sneezing and watery discharge from the nostrils
and eyes, together with a hard dry cough, and occasionally severe
asthmatic paroxysms. The period of liability to infection
naturally coincides with the pollen season.
The radical treatment is to avoid vegetation. Local treatment consisting of thorough destruction of the sensitive area of the mucous membrane of the nose often produces good results. There are various drugs, the best of which are cocaine and the extract of the suprarenal body, which, when applied to the nose, are sometimes effectual; in practice, however, it is found that larger and larger doses are required, and that sooner or later they afford no relief. The same remarks apply to a number of patent specifics, of which the principal constituent is one of the above drugs. An additional and stronger objection to the use of cocaine is that a “habit” is often contracted, with the most disastrous results. Finally Dunbar’s serum may be applied to the nose and eyes on rising, and on the slightest suggestion of irritation during the day; it will, in the large majority of cases, be found to be quite effectual.
HAYLEY, WILLIAM (1745–1820), English writer, the friend
and biographer of William Cowper, was born at Chichester on
the 9th of November 1745. He was sent to Eton in 1757, and
to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1763; his connexion with the
Middle Temple, London, where he was admitted in 1766, was
merely nominal. In 1767 he left Cambridge and went to live in
London. Two years later he married Eliza, daughter of Thomas
Ball, dean of Chichester. His private means enabled Hayley to
live on his patrimonial estate at Eartham, Sussex, and he retired
there in 1774. He had already written many occasional poetical
pieces, when in 1771 his tragedy, The Afflicted Father, was
rejected by David Garrick. In the same year his translation of
Pierre Corneille’s Rodogune as The Syrian Queen was also declined
by George Colman. Hayley won the fame he enjoyed amongst
his contemporaries by his poetical Essays and Epistles; a
Poetical Epistle to an Eminent Painter (1780), addressed to his
friend George Romney, an Essay on History (1780), in three
epistles, addressed to Edward Gibbon; Essay on Epic Poetry
(1782) addressed to William Mason; A Philosophical Essay on
Old Maids (1785); and the Triumphs of Temper (1781). The last mentioned
work was so popular as to run to twelve or fourteen
editions; together with the Triumphs of Music (Chichester,
1804) it was ridiculed by Byron in English Bards and Scotch
Reviewers. So great was Hayley’s fame that on Thomas Warton’s
death in 1790 he was offered the laureateship, which he refused.
In 1792, while writing the Life of Milton (1794), Hayley made
Cowper’s acquaintance. A warm friendship sprang up between
the two which lasted till Cowper’s death in 1800. Hayley indeed
was mainly instrumental in getting Cowper his pension. In
1800 Hayley also lost his natural son, Thomas Alphonso Hayley,
to whom he was devotedly attached. He had been a pupil of
John Flaxman’s, to whom Hayley’s Essay on Sculpture (1800)
is addressed. Flaxman introduced William Blake to Hayley,
and after the latter had moved in 1800 to his “marine hermitage”
at Felpham, Sussex, Blake settled near him for three years to
engrave the illustrations for the Life of Cowper. This, Hayley’s
best known work, was published in 1803–1804 (Chichester) in
3 vols. In 1805 he published Ballads founded on Anecdotes of Animals
(Chichester), with illustrations by Blake, and in 1809
The Life of Romney. For the last twelve years of his life Hayley
received an allowance for writing his Memoirs. He died at
Felpham on the 12th of November 1820. Hayley’s first wife
died in 1797; her mind had been seriously affected, and
since 1789 they had been separated. He married in 1809 Mary
Welford, but they also separated after three years. He left no
children.
Hayley’s Poetical Works were published in 3 vols. (1785); his Poems and Plays in 6 vols. (1788).
See Memoirs ... of William Hayley ... and Memoirs of his son T. A. Hayley, ed. John Johnson (2 vols., 1823) (containing many of Hayley’s letters); an article on these memoirs by Robert Southey in the Quarterly Review, vol. xxxi., 1825; William Blake, by A. C. Swinburne (2nd ed., 1868, pp. 28 et seq.); Life of William Blake, by Alexander Gilchrist (vol. i., 1880), with some of Blake’s letters to Hayley; The Correspondence of William Cowper, arranged by Thomas Wright (vol. iv., 1904), containing many letters to Hayley.
HAYM, RUDOLF (1821–1901), German publicist and philosopher,
was born at Grünberg, in Silesia, on the 5th of October
1821, and died at St Anton (Arlberg) on the 27th of August 1901.
He studied philosophy and theology at Halle and Berlin, and
lived at Halle during 1846 and 1847. He was a member of the
National Assembly at Frankfort in 1848, and wrote an account
of the proceedings from the standpoint of the Right Centre.
