From 1851 he lectured in literature and philosophy at the university of Halle, and became professor in 1860. His writings are biographical and critical, devoted mainly to modern German philosophy and literature. In 1870 he published a masterly history of the Romantic school. He also wrote biographies of W. von Humboldt (1856), Hegel (1857), Schopenhauer (1864), Herder (1877–1885), Max Duncker (1890). In 1901 he published Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben.
HAYNAU, JULIUS JACOB (1786–1853), Austrian general,
was the natural son of the landgrave—afterwards elector—of
Hesse-Cassel, William IX. He entered the Austrian army as
an infantry officer in 1801, and saw much service in the
Napoleonic wars. He was wounded at Wagram, and distinguished
during the operations in Italy in 1813 and 1814. Between 1815
and 1847 he rose to the rank of field marshal lieutenant. A
violent temper, which he made no attempt to control or conceal,
led him into trouble with his superiors. His hatred of revolutionary
principles was fanatical. When the insurrectionary movements
of 1848 broke out in Italy, his known zeal for the cause
of legitimacy, as much as his reputation as an officer, marked
him out for command. He fought with success in Italy, but was
chiefly noted for the severity he showed in suppressing and
punishing a rising in Brescia. It ought to be remembered that
the mob of Brescia had massacred invalid Austrian soldiers in
the hospital, a provocation which always leads to reprisals.
In June 1849 Haynau was called to Vienna to command first an
army of reserve, and then in the field against the Hungarians.
His successes against the declining revolutionary cause were
numerous and rapid. In Hungary, as in Italy, he was accused
of brutality. It was, for instance, asserted that he caused women
who showed any sympathy with the insurgents to be whipped.
His ostentatious hatred of the revolutionary parties marked him
out as the natural object for these accusations. On the restoration
of peace he was appointed to high command in Hungary.
His temper quickly led him into quarrels with the minister of
war, and he resigned his command in 1850. He then travelled
abroad. The refugees had spread his evil reputation. In London
he was attacked and beaten by Messrs Barclay & Perkins’ draymen
when visiting the brewery, and he was saved from mob
violence in Brussels with some difficulty. He died on the 14th
of March 1853. On the 11th of October 1808 Haynau had
married Thérèse von Weber, the daughter of Field Marshal
Lieutenant Weber, who was slain at Aspern. She died, leaving
one daughter, in 1850.
See R. v. Schönhals, Biographie des K. K. Feldzeugmeisters Julius Freiherrn von Haynau (Vienna, 1875).
HAYNE, ROBERT YOUNG (1791–1839), American political
leader, born in St Paul’s parish, Colleton district, South Carolina,
on the 10th of November 1791. He studied law in the office of
Langdon Cheves (1776–1857) in Charleston, S.C., and in November
1812 was admitted to the bar there, soon obtaining a large
practice. For a short time during the War of 1812 against
Great Britain, he was captain in the Third South Carolina
Regiment. He was a member of the lower house of the state
legislature from 1814 to 1818, serving as speaker in the latter
year; was attorney-general of the state from 1818 to 1822,
and in 1823 was elected, as a Democrat, to the United States
Senate. Here he was conspicuous as an ardent free-trader
and an uncompromising advocate of “States Rights,” opposed
the protectionist tariff bills of 1824 and 1828, and consistently
upheld the doctrine that slavery was a domestic institution and
should be dealt with only by the individual states. In one of his
speeches opposing the sending by the United States of representatives
to the Panama Congress, he said, “The moment the
federal government shall make the unhallowed attempt to interfere
with the domestic concerns of the states, those states will
consider themselves driven from the Union.” Hayne is best
remembered, however, for his great debate with Daniel Webster
(q.v.) in January 1830. The debate arose over the so-called
“Foote’s Resolution,” introduced by Senator Samuel A. Foote
(1780–1846) of Connecticut, calling for the restriction of the sale
of public lands to those already in the market, but was concerned
primarily with the relation to one another and the respective
powers of the federal government and the individual states,
Hayne contending that the constitution was essentially a compact
between the states, and the national government and the
states, and that any state might, at will, nullify any federal law
which it considered to be in contravention of that compact. He
vigorously opposed the tariff of 1832, was a member of the
South Carolina Nullification Convention of November 1832,
and reported the ordinance of nullification passed by that body
on the 24th of November. Resigning from the Senate, he was
governor of the state from December 1832 to December 1834,
and as such took a strong stand against President Jackson,
though he was more conservative than many of the nullificationists
in the state. He was intendant (mayor) of Charleston,
S.C., from 1835 to 1837, and was president of the Louisville,
Cincinnati & Charleston railway from 1837 to 1839. He died at
Asheville, N.C., on the 24th of September 1839. His son, Paul
Hamilton Hayne (1830–1886), was a poet of some distinction, and
in 1878 published a life of his father.
See Theodore D. Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne and his Times (New York, 1909).
HAYTER, SIR GEORGE (1792–1871), English painter, was
the son of a popular drawing-master and teacher of perspective
who published a well-known introduction to perspective and
other works. He was born in London, and in his early youth
went to sea. He afterwards studied in the Royal Academy,
became a miniature-painter, and was appointed in 1816
miniature-painter to the princess Charlotte. He passed some
years in Italy, more especially in Rome, between 1816 and 1831,
returned to London in the last-named year, resumed portrait-painting,
now chiefly in oil-colour, executed many likenesses
of the royal family, and attained such a reputation for finish
and refinement in his work that he received the appointment
of principal painter to Queen Victoria and teacher of drawing
to the princesses. In 1842 he was knighted. He painted
various works on a large scale of a public and semi-historical
character, but essentially works of portraiture; such as “The
Trial of Queen Caroline” (189 likenesses), “The Meeting of the
First Reformed Parliament,” now in the National Portrait
Gallery, “Queen Victoria taking the Coronation Oath”
(accounted his finest production), “The Marriage of the Queen,”
and the “Trial of Lord William Russell.” The artistic merits
of Hayter’s works are not, however, such as to preserve to him
with posterity an amount of prestige corresponding to that
which court patronage procured him.
He is not to be confounded with a contemporary artist, John Hayter, who produced illustrations for the Book of Beauty, &c.
HAYTON (Haithon, Hethum), king of Little Armenia or
Cilicia from 1224 to 1269, traveller in western and central
Asia, Mongolia, &c., was the son of Constantine Rupen, and
became heir to the throne of Lesser Armenia by his marriage
with Isabella, daughter and only child of Leo II. After a reign of
forty-five years he abdicated (1269) in favour of his son Leo III.,
became a monk and died in 1271. Before his accession he had
been “constable,” or head of the Armenian army, and “bailiff”
of the realm. Throughout his reign he followed the policy of
friendship and alliance with the overwhelming power of the
Mongols. In about 1248 he sent his brother Sempad, who was
now constable in his place, on a mission to Kuyuk Khan, the
supreme Mongol emperor. Sempad was well received and
returned home in 1250, bringing letters from Kuyuk. After
Mangu’s accession in 1251, Batu (the most powerful of the
Mongol princes and generals, and the conqueror—in name at
least—of eastern Europe, now commanding on the line of the
Volga) summoned Hayton to the court of the new grand khan.
Carefully disguised, so as to pass safely through the Turkish
states in the interior of eastern Asia Minor (where he was hated
as an ally of the Mongols against Islam), Hayton made his way
to Kars, the central Mongol camp in Great Armenia, where the
famous general Bachu, or Baiju, commanded. Here he reported
himself, and was permitted to remain some time in the Ararat
region, at the foot of Mt Alagoz, near the metropolitan church of
