held forth with a sense of all-round responsibility surpassing that of a cabinet minister, Hayward retained his influence to the last years of his life. But he had little sympathy with modern ideas. He used to say that he had outlived every one that he could really look up to. He died, a bachelor, in his rooms at 8 St James’s Street (a small museum of autograph portraits and reviewing trophies) on the 2nd of February 1884.
Two volumes of Hayward’s Correspondence (edited by H. E. Carlisle) were published in 1886. In Vanity Fair (27th November 1875) he may be seen as he appeared in later life. (T. Se.)
HAYWARD, SIR JOHN (c. 1560–1627), English historian,
was born at or near Felixstowe, Suffolk, where he was educated,
and afterwards proceeded to Pembroke College, Cambridge,
where he took the degrees of B.A., M.A. and LL.D. In 1599 he
published The First Part of the Life and Raigne of King Henrie IV.
dedicated to Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. This was reprinted
in 1642. Queen Elizabeth and her advisers disliked the tone
of the book and its dedication, and the queen ordered Francis
Bacon to search it for “places in it that might be drawn within
case of treason.” Bacon reported “for treason surely I find
none, but for felony very many,” explaining that many of the
sentences were stolen from Tacitus; but nevertheless Hayward
was put in prison, where he remained until about 1601. On the
accession of James I. in 1603 he courted the new king’s favour
by publishing two pamphlets—“An Answer to the first part of a
certaine conference concerning succession,” and “A Treatise
of Union of England and Scotland.” The former pamphlet,
an argument in favour of the divine right of kings, was reprinted
in 1683 as “The Right of Succession” by the friends of the duke
of York during the struggle over the Exclusion Bill. In 1610
Hayward was appointed one of the historiographers of the college
which James founded at Chelsea; in 1613 he published his
Lives of the Three Norman Kings of England, written at the request
of James’s son, Prince Henry; in 1616 he became a member
of the College of Advocates; and in 1619 he was knighted. He
died in London on the 27th of June 1627. Among his manuscripts
was found The Life and Raigne of King Edward VI.,
first published in 1630, and Certain Yeres of Queen Elizabeth’s
Raigne, the beginning of which was printed in an edition of his
Edward VI., published in 1636, but which was first published in
a complete form in 1840 for the Camden Society under the editorship
of John Bruce, who prefixed an introduction on the life and
writings of the author. Hayward was conscientious and diligent
in obtaining information, and although his reasoning on questions
of morality is often childish, his descriptions are generally
graphic and vigorous. Notwithstanding his imprisonment under
Elizabeth, his portrait of the qualities of the queen’s mind and
person is flattering rather than detractive. He also wrote
several works of a devotional character.
HAYWOOD, ELIZA (c. 1693–1756), English writer, daughter of a London tradesman named Fowler, was born about 1693. She made an early and unhappy marriage with a man named Haywood, and her literary enemies circulated scandalous stories about her, possibly founded on her works rather than her real history. She appeared on the stage as early as 1715, and in 1721 she revised for Lincoln’s Inn Fields The Fair Captive, by a Captain Hurst. Two other pieces followed, but Eliza
Haywood made her mark as a follower of Mrs Manley in writing scandalous and voluminous novels. To Memoirs of a certain Island adjacent to Utopia, written by a celebrated author of that country. Now translated into English (1725), she appended
a key in which the characters were explained by initials denoting
living persons. The names are supplied to these initials in the
copy in the British Museum. The Secret History of the Present
Intrigues of the Court of Caramania (1727) was explained in a
similar manner. The style of these productions is as extravagant
as their matter. Pope attacked her in a coarse passage in The
Dunciad (bk. ii. 11. 157 et seq.), which is aggravated by a
note alluding to the “profligate licentiousness of those shameless
scribblers (for the most part of that sex which ought least to be
capable of such malice or impudence) who in libellous Memoirs
and Novels reveal the faults or misfortunes of both sexes, to
the ruin of public fame, or disturbance of private happiness.”
Swift, writing to Lady Suffolk, says, “Mrs Haywood I have heard
of as a stupid, infamous, scribbling woman, but have not seen
any of her productions.” She continued to be a prolific writer
of novels until her death on the 25th of February 1756, but her
later works are characterized by extreme propriety, though an
anonymous story of The Fortunate Foundlings (1744), purporting
to be an account of the children of Lord Charles Manners, is generally ascribed to her.
A collected edition of her novels, plays and poems appeared in 1724, and her Secret Histories, Novels and Poems in 1725. See also an article by S. L. Lee in the Dictionary of National Biography.
HAZARA, a race of Afghanistan. The Hazaras are of
Mongolian origin, speak a dialect of Persian, and belong to the
Shiah sect of Mahommedans. They are of middle size but
stoutly made, with small grey eyes, high cheek bones and
smooth faces. They are descendants of military colonists
introduced by Jenghiz Khan, who occupy all the highlands of
the upper Helmund valley, spreading through the country
between Kabul and Herat, as well as into a strip of territory
on the frontier slopes of the Hindu Kush north of Kabul. In the
western provinces they are known as the Chahar Aimak (Hazaras,
Jamshidis, Taimanis and Ferozkhois), and in other districts
they are distinguished by the name of the territory they occupy.
They are pure Mongols, intermixing with no other races (chiefly
for the reason that no other races will intermix with them),
preserving their language and their Mongol characteristics
uninfluenced by their surroundings, having absolutely displaced
the former occupants of the Hazarajat and Ghor. They make
good soldiers and excellent pioneers. The amir’s companies of
engineers are recruited from the Hazaras, and they form perhaps
the most effective corps in his heterogeneous army. They are
now recruited into the British service in India.
HAZARA, a district of British India, in the Peshawar
division of the North-West Frontier Province, with an area
of 3391 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. by the Black Mountain,
the Swat country, Kohistan and Chilas; on the E. by
the native state of Kashmir; on the S. by Rawalpindi
district; and on the W. by the river Indus. On the creation
of the North-West Frontier Province in 1901 the district was
reconstituted, the Tahsil of Attock being transferred to Rawalpindi.
The district forms a wedge of territory extending far into the
heart of the outer Himalayas, and consisting of a long narrow
valley, shut in on both sides by lofty mountains, whose peaks
rise to a height of 17,000 ft. above sea level. Towards the
centre of the district the vale of Kagan is bounded by mountain
chains, which sweep southward still maintaining a general
parallel direction, and send off spurs on every side which divide
the country into numerous minor dales. The district is well
watered by the tributaries of the Indus, the Kunhar, which
flows through the Kagan Valley into the Jhelum, and many
rivulets. Throughout the scenery is picturesque. To the north
rise the distant peaks of the snow-clad ranges; midway, the
central mountains stand clothed to their rounded summits with
pines and other forest trees, while grass and brushwood spread
a green cloak over the nearer hills, and cultivation covers every
available slope. The chief frontier tribes on the border are
the cis-Indus Swatis, Hassanzais, Akazais, Chagarzais, Pariari
Syads, Madda Khels, Amazais and Umarzais. Within the
district Pathans are not numerous.
The name Hazara possibly belonged originally to a Turki family which entered India with Timur in the 14th century, and subsequently settled in this remote region. During the prosperous period of the Mogul dynasty the population included a number of mixed tribes, which each began to assert its independence, so that the utmost anarchy prevailed until Hazara attracted the attention of the rising Sikh monarchy. Ranjit Singh first obtained a footing here in 1818, and, after eight years of constant aggression, became master of the whole country. During the minority of the young maharaja Dhuleep Singh, the Sikh kingdom fell into a state of complete disorganization; the people seized the opportunity for recovering their independence,
