Echmiadzin. Being joined by his suite, especially the clerical diplomatists Basil the Priest, and James the Abbot, Hayton next passed through eastern Caucasia, threading the pass of the Iron Gates of Derbent, and so reached the camp of Batu on the Volga, where he was cordially welcomed. Thence he set out (May 13th, 1254) on the “very long road beyond the Caspian Sea” to the residence of Mangu at or near Karakorum, south of Lake Baikal. After passing the Ural river, we only hear of his arrival at Or, probably the present Ili province, east of Balkhash, and of his reaching the Irtish, entering the Naiman country, and passing through “Karakhitai” (apparently the capital of the ruined Karakhitai empire is intended, a place perhaps situated on the Chu, mentioned out of its proper place in Hayton’s record). On the 13th of September the travellers entered Mongolia, and on the 14th (?) of September were received by Mangu. Here the king remained till the 1st of November, when he left with diplomas, seals and letters of enfranchisement which promised great things for the Armenian state, church and people. His return journey was by very unusual and interesting routes—through the Urumtsi region, the basin of “the sea of milk,” Lake Sairam, the valley of the Ili, the neighbourhood of Kulja, and so over mountains, which probably answer to certain outliers of the Alexander range, to Talas near the present Aulie Ata, midway between the Syr Daria and the Chu. Here he met and conferred with Hulagu Khan, Mangu’s brother, the future conqueror of Bagdad: probably Hayton was expected to aid in the coming forward movement of the Mongol armies against the Moslem world. From Talas Hayton made a detour to the north-west to meet another Mongol prince, Sartach the son of Batu; after which he ascended the valley of the Syr Daria, crossed into Trans-Oxiana, visited Samarkand and Bokhara, and passed the Oxus apparently near Charjui. By way of Merv and Sarakhs he then entered Khorasan and traversed north Persia, passing through Rai near Tehran, Kazvin and Tabriz, and so returning to the camp of Bachu in Armenia, now at Sisian near Lake Gokcha (July 1255). Thanks to his powerful friends, Hayton’s journey was unusually rapid. Eight months after quitting Mangu’s horde, he was back in Great Armenia. The narrative of this journey, which was written by a member of the king’s suite, one Kirakos of Gandsak (the modern Elizavetpol), concludes with some interesting references to Buddhist tenets, to Chinese habits, to various monstrous races and to certain “women endowed with reason” dwelling “beyond Cathay.” It also gives some notes, compounded of truth and legend, on the wild tribes and animals of the Gobi and adjoining regions.
The record drawn up by Kirakos Gandsaketsi was in Armenian. A MS. of his, dated 1616, was found in the Sanahin monastery in Georgia, and translated into Russian by Prince Argutinsky in the Sibirsky Vyestnik for 1822, pp. 69, &c. This Russian version was again translated into French by Klaproth in the Nouveau Journal asiatique for 1833 (vol. xii. pp. 273, &c.). Another French translation was made direct from the Armenian by M. Brosset in the Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences de St Pétersbourg for 1870; a fresh Russian version of the original, by Professor Patkanov, appeared in 1874. See also E. Bretschneider, Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, i. 164-172 (London, 1888, “Trübner’s Oriental” Series); C. R. Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography, ii. 381-391 (1901). (C. R. B.)
HAYWARD, ABRAHAM (1801–1884), English man of letters,
son of Joseph Hayward, of an old Wiltshire family, was born
at Wilton, near Salisbury, on the 22nd of November 1801.
After education at Blundell’s school, Tiverton, he entered the
Inner Temple in 1824, and was called to the bar in June 1832.
He took part as a conservative in the discussions of the London
Debating Society, where his opponents were J. A. Roebuck
and John Stuart Mill. The editorship of the Law Magazine;
or, Quarterly Review of Jurisprudence, which he held from 1829
to 1844, brought him into connexion with John Austin, G.
Cornewall Lewis, and such foreign jurists as Savigny, whose
tractate on contemporary legislation and jurisprudence he
rendered into English. In 1833 he travelled abroad, and on his
return printed privately a translation of Goethe’s Faust into
English prose (pronounced by Carlyle to be the best version
extant in his time). A second and revised edition was published
after another visit to Germany in January 1834, in the course of
which Hayward met Tieck, Chamisso, De La Motte Fouqué,
Varnhagen von Ense and Madame Goethe. In 1878 he contributed
the rather colourless volume on Goethe to Blackwood’s
Foreign Classics. A successful translation was in those days
a first-rate credential for a reviewer, and Hayward began contributing
to the New Monthly, the Foreign Quarterly, the Quarterly
Review and the Edinburgh Review. His first successes in this
new field were won in 1835–1836 by articles on Walker’s
“Original” and on “Gastronomy.” The essays were reprinted
to form one of his best volumes, The Art of Dining, in 1852.
In February 1835 he was elected to the Athenaeum Club under
Rule II., and he remained for nearly fifty years one of its most
conspicuous and most influential members. He was also a
subscriber to the Carlton, but ceased to frequent it when he became
a Peelite. At the Temple, Hayward, whose reputation
was rapidly growing as a connoisseur not only of a bill of fare
but also (as Swift would have said) of a bill of company, gave
recherché dinners, at which ladies of rank and fashion appreciated
the wit of Sydney Smith and Theodore Hook, the dignity of
Lockhart and Lyndhurst and the oratory of Macaulay. At the
Athenaeum and in political society he to some extent succeeded
to the position of Croker. He and Macaulay were commonly
said to be the two best-read men in town. Hayward got up every
important subject of discussion immediately it came into prominence,
and concentrated his information in such a way that
he habitually had the last word to say on a topic. When Rogers
died, when Vanity Fair was published, when the Greville Memoirs
was issued or a revolution occurred on the continent, Hayward,
whose memory was as retentive as his power of accumulating
documentary evidence was exhaustive, wrote an elaborate essay
on the subject for the Quarterly or the Edinburgh. He followed
up his paper by giving his acquaintances no rest until they either
assimilated or undertook to combat his views. Political ladies
first, and statesmen afterwards, came to recognize the advantage
of obtaining Hayward’s good opinion. In this way the “old
reviewing hand” became an acknowledged link between society,
letters and politics. As a professional man he was less successful;
his promotion to be Q.C. in 1845 excited a storm of opposition,
and, disgusted at not being elected a Bencher of his Inn in the
usual course, Hayward virtually withdrew from legal practice.
In February 1848 he became one of the chief leader-writers for
the Peelite organ, the Morning Chronicle. The morbid activity
of his memory, however, continued to make him many enemies.
He alienated Disraeli by tracing a purple patch in his official
eulogy of Wellington to a newspaper translation from Thiers’s
funeral panegyric on General St Cyr. His sharp tongue made
an enemy of Roebuck, and he disgusted the friends of Mill by
the stories he raked up for an obituary notice of the great
economist (The Times, 10th May 1873). He broke with Henry
Reeve in 1874 by a venomous review of the Greville Memoirs,
in which Reeve was compared to the beggarly Scot deputed to let
off the blunderbuss which Bolingbroke (Greville) had charged.
His enemies prevented him from enjoying a well-selected quasi-sinecure,
which both Palmerston and Aberdeen admitted to be
his due. Samuel Warren attacked him (very unjustly, for
Hayward was anything but a parasite) as Venom Tuft in Ten
Thousand a Year; and Disraeli aimed at him partially in Ste
Barbe (in Endymion), though the satire here was directed
primarily against Thackeray. After his break with Reeve,
Hayward devoted himself more exclusively to the Quarterly.
His essays on Chesterfield and Selwyn were reprinted in 1854.
Collective editions of his articles appeared in volume form in 1858,
1873 and 1874, and Selected Essays in two volumes, 1878. In
his useful but far from flawless edition of the Autobiography,
Letters and Literary Remains of Mrs (Thrale) Piozzi (1861),
he again appears as a supplementer and continuator of J. W.
Croker. His Eminent Statesmen and Writers (1880) commemorates
to a large extent personal friendships with such men
as Dumas, Cavour and Thiers, whom he knew intimately. As
a counsellor of great ladies and of politicians, to whom he
