easy and convenient in use, and yielding results of very high accuracy in measuring distances. Their slow motion in position angle, however, was not all that could be desired. When small movements were
communicated to the handle e (fig. 9) by the tangent screw f, acting on a small toothed wheel clamped to the rod connected with the driving pinion, there was apt to be a torsion of the rod rather
than an immediate action. Thus the slow motion would take place
by jerks instead of with the necessary smoothness and certainty.
When the heliometer-part of Lord Lindsay’s heliometer was acquired
by Gill in 1879, he changed the manner of imparting the motion in
question. A square toothed racked wheel was applied to the tube
at r (fig. 9). This wheel is acted on by a tangent screw whose bearings
are attached to the cradle; the screw is turned by means of a
handle supported by bearings attached to the cradle, and coming
within convenient reach of the observer’s hand. The tube turns
smoothly in the racked wheel, or can be clamped to it at the will of
the observer. This alteration and the new equatorial mounting
have been admirably made by Grubb; the result is completely
successful. The instrument so altered was in use at the Cape
Observatory from March 1881 till 1887 in determining
the parallax of some of the more interesting
southern stars. The instrument then passed, by
purchase from Gill, to Lord McLaren, by whom
it was presented to the Royal Observatory,
Edinburgh.
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| Fig. 11. |
 |  |
| Fig. 12. | Fig. 13. |
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| Fig. 14. |
Still more recently the Repsolds have completed a new heliometer for Yale College, New Haven, United States. The object-glass is of 6 in. aperture and 98 in. focal length. The mounting, the tube, objective-cell, slides, &c., are all of steel.[1] The instrument is shown in fig. 11. The circles for position angle and declination are read by micrometer-microscopes illuminated by the lamp L; the scales are illuminated by the lamp l. T is part of the tube proper, and turns with the head. The tube V, on the contrary, is attached to the cradle, and merely forms a support for the finder Q, the handles at f and p, and the moving ring P. The latter gives quick motion in position angle; the handles at p clamp and give slow motion in position angle, those at f clamp and give slow motion in right ascension and declination. a is the eye-piece, b the handle for moving the segments, c the micrometer microscope for reading the scales and scale micrometer, d the micrometer readers of the position and declination circles, e the handle for rotating the large wheel E which carries the screens. The hour circle is also read by microscopes, and the instrument can be used in both positions (tube preceding and following) for elimination of the effect of flexure on the position angles. Elkin found that the chief drawbacks to speed and convenience in working this heliometer were: (1) The loss of time involved in entering the corresponding readings of the micrometer pointings on two scales. (2) That an additional motion intermediate between the quick and slow motion in position angle was necessary, because, whilst the slow motion provided by Repsolds was admirably adapted for adjusting the pointings in position angle, it was too slow for causing the images to “cross through” each other in the process of measuring distances. To remedy drawback (1) Repsolds devised the form of printing micrometer which is shown in figs. 12 and 13. This micrometer is provided with two pairs of parallel webs. One fixed pair of webs is attached to the micrometer-box, the other pair is moved by the screw S. The whole micrometer-box is moved by the screw attached to the heads. Accordingly, in reading the scales A and B (attached to the slides which carry the two halves of the
object-glass), it is only necessary to turn the screws until the fixed- ↑ The primary object was to have the object-glass mounted in steel cells, which more nearly correspond in expansion with glass. It became then desirable to make the head of steel for sake of uniformity of material, and the advantages of steel in lightness and rigidity for the tube then became evident.
