but that he has also used similar works by Aristarchus, Apion, Heliodorus and others.
The text is very corrupt, and the order of the words has often been disturbed. There is no doubt that many interpolations, besides the Christian glosses, have been made. The work has come down to us from a single MS., now in the library at Venice, from which the editio princeps was published. The best edition is by M. Schmidt (1858–1868); in a smaller edition (1867) he attempts to distinguish the additions made by Hesychius to the work of Diogenianus.
HESYCHIUS OF MILETUS, Greek chronicler and biographer,
surnamed Illustrius, son of an advocate, flourished at Constantinople
in the 5th century A.D. during the reign of Justinian.
According to Photius (cod. 69) he was the author of three
important works, (1) A Compendium of Universal History
in six books, from Belus, the reputed founder of the Assyrian
empire, to Anastasius I. (d. 518). A considerable fragment
has been preserved from the sixth book, entitled Πάτρια Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, a history of Byzantium from its earliest
beginnings till the time of Constantine the Great. (2) A
Biographical Dictionary (Ὀνοματολόγος or Πίναξ) of Learned
Men, arranged according to classes (poets, philosophers), the chief
sources of which were the Μουσικὴ ἱστορία of Aelius Dionysius
and the works of Herennius Philo. Much of it has been incorporated
in the lexicon of Suidas, as we learn from that
author. It is disputed, however, whether the words in Suidas
(“of which this book is an epitome”) mean that Suidas himself
epitomized the work of Hesychius, or whether they are part
of the title of an already epitomized Hesychius used by Suidas.
The second view is more generally held. The epitome referred
to, in which alphabetical order was substituted for arrangement
in classes and some articles on Christian writers added as a
concession to the times, is assigned from internal indications
to the years 829–837. Both it and the original work are lost,
with the exception of the excerpts in Photius and Suidas. A
smaller compilation, chiefly from Diogenes Laërtius and Suidas,
with a similar title, is the work of an unknown author of the
11th or 12th century. (3) A History of the Reign of Justin
I. (518–527) and the early years of Justinian, completely lost.
Photius praises the style of Hesychius, and credits him with
being a veracious historian.
Editions: J. C. Orelli (1820) and J. Flach (1882); fragments in C. W. Müller, Frag. hist. Graec. iv. 143 and in T. Preger’s Scriptores originis Constantinopolitanae, i. (1901); Pseudo-Hesychius, by J. Flach (1880); see generally C. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur (1897).
HETAERISM (Gr. ἕταιρα mistress), the term employed
by anthropologists to express the primitive condition of man
in his sexual relations. The earliest social organization of
the human race was characterized by the absence of the institution
of marriage in any form. Women were the common
property of their tribe, and the children never knew their fathers.
HETEROKARYOTA, a zoological name proposed by S. J.
Hickson for the Infusoria (q.v.) on the ground of the differentiation
of their nuclear apparatus into meganucleus and micronucleus
(or nuclei).
See Lankester’s Treatise of Zoology, vol. i. fasc. 1 (1903).
HETERONOMY (from Gr. ἕτερος and νόμος, the rule of
another), the state of being under the rule of another person.
In ethics the term is specially used as the antithesis of
“autonomy,” which, especially in Kantian terminology, treats
of the true self as will, determining itself by its own law, the
moral law. “Heteronomy” is therefore applied by Kant to
all other ethical systems, inasmuch as they place the individual
in subjection to external laws of conduct.
HETMAN (a Polish word, probably derived from the Ger.
Hauptmann, head-man or captain; the Russian form is ataman),
a military title formerly in use in Poland; the Hetman Wielki,
or Great Hetman, was the chief of the armed forces of the
nation, and commanded in the field, except when the king
was present in person. The office was abolished in 1792. From
Poland the word was introduced into Russia, in the form ataman,
and was adopted by the Cossacks, as a title for their head,
who was practically an independent prince, when under the
suzerainty of Poland. After the acceptance of Russian rule
by the Cossacks in 1654, the post was shorn of its power. The
title of “ataman” or “hetman of all the Cossacks” is held
by the Cesarevitch. “Ataman” or “hetman” is also the
name of the elected elder of the stanitsa, the unit of Cossack
administration. (See Cossacks.)
HETTNER, HERMANN THEODOR (1821–1882), German
literary historian and writer on the history of art, was born at
Leisersdorf, near Goldberg, in Silesia, on the 12th of March
1821. At the universities of Berlin, Halle and Heidelberg he
devoted himself chiefly to the study of philosophy, but in 1843
turned his attention to aesthetics, art and literature. With a
view to furthering these studies, he spent three years in Italy,
and, on his return, published a Vorschule zur bildenden Kunst
der Alten (1848) and an essay on Die neapolitanischen Malerschulen.
He became Privatdozent for aesthetics and the history
of art at Heidelberg and, after the publication of his suggestive
volume on Die romantische Schule in ihrem Zusammenhang
mit Goethe und Schiller (1850), accepted a call as professor to
Jena where he lectured on the history of both art and literature.
In 1855 he was appointed director of the royal collections of
antiquities and the museum of plaster casts at Dresden, to which
posts were subsequently added that of director of the historical
museum and a professorship at the royal Polytechnikum. He
died in Dresden on the 29th of May 1882. Hettner’s chief work
is his Literaturgeschichte des 18ten Jahrhunderts, which appeared
in three parts, devoted respectively to English, French and
German literature, between 1856 and 1870 (5th ed. of I. and II.,
revised by A. Brandl and H. Morf, 1894; 4th of III., revised by
O. Harnack, 1894). Although to some extent influenced by the
political and literary theories of the Hegelian school, which,
since Hettner’s day have fallen into discredit, and at times
losing sight of the main issues of literary development over
questions of social evolution, this work belongs to the best
histories that the 19th century produced. Hettner’s judgment
is sound and his point of view always original and stimulating.
His other works include Griechische Reiseskizzen (1853), Das
moderne Drama (1852)—a book that arose from a correspondence
with Gottfried Keller—Italienische Studien (1879), and several
works descriptive of the Dresden art collections. His Kleine
Schriften were collected and published in 1884.
See A. Stern, Hermann Hettner, ein Lebensbild (1885); H. Spitzer, H. Hettners kunstphilosophische Anfänge und Literaturästhetik (1903).
HETTSTEDT, a town of Germany, in Prussian Saxony, on the
Wipper, and at the junction of the railways Berlin-Blankenheim
and Hettstedt-Halle, 23 m. N.W. of the last town. Pop.
(1905), 9230. It has a Roman Catholic and four Evangelical
churches, and has manufactures of machinery, pianofortes and
artificial manure. In the neighbourhood are mines of argentiferous
copper, and the surrounding district and villages are
occupied with smelting and similar works. Silver and sulphuric
acid are the other chief products; nickel and gold are also found
in small quantities. In the Kaiser Friedrich mine close by, the
first steam-engine in Germany was erected on the 23rd of August
1785. Hettstedt is mentioned as early as 1046; in 1220 it
possessed a castle; and in 1380 it received civic privileges.
When the countship of Mansfeld was sequestrated, Hettstedt
came into the possession of Saxony, passing to Prussia in 1815.
HEUGLIN, THEODOR VON (1824–1876), German traveller
in north-east Africa, was born on the 20th of March 1824 at
Hirschlanden near Leonberg in Württemberg. His father was
a Protestant pastor, and he was trained to be a mining engineer.
He was ambitious, however, to become a scientific investigator
of unknown regions, and with that object studied the natural
sciences, especially zoology. In 1850 he went to Egypt where
he learnt Arabic, afterwards visiting Arabia Petraea. In 1852
he accompanied Dr Reitz, Austrian consul at Khartum, on a
journey to Abyssinia, and in the next year was appointed
Dr Reitz’s successor in the consulate. While he held this
post he travelled in Abyssinia and Kordofan, making a
valuable collection of natural history specimens. In 1857
he journeyed through the coast lands of the African side of the
Red Sea, and along the Somali coast. In 1860 he was chosen
