leader of an expedition to search for Eduard Vogel, his companions including Werner Munzinger, Gottlob Kinzelbach, and Dr Hermann Steudner. In June 1861 the party landed at Massawa, having instructions to go direct to Khartum and thence to Wadai, where Vogel was thought to be detained. Heuglin, accompanied by Dr Steudner, turned aside and made a wide detour through Abyssinia and the Galla country, and in consequence the leadership of the expedition was taken from him. He and Steudner reached Khartum in 1862 and there joined the party organized by Miss Tinné. With her or on their own account, they travelled up the White Nile to Gondokoro and explored a great part of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, where Steudner died of fever on the 10th of April 1863. Heuglin returned to Europe at the end of 1864. In 1870 and 1871 he made a valuable series of explorations in Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya; but 1875 found him again in north-east Africa, in the country of the Beni Amer and northern Abyssinia. He was preparing for an exploration of the island of Sokotra, when he died, at Stuttgart, on the 5th of November 1876. It is principally by his zoological, and more especially his ornithological, labours that Heuglin has taken rank as an independent authority.
His chief works are Systematische Übersicht der Vögel Nordost-Afrikas (1855); Reisen in Nordost-Afrika, 1852–1853 (Gotha, 1857); Syst. Übersicht der Säugetiere Nordost-Afrikas (Vienna, 1867); Reise nach Abessinien, den Gala-Ländern, &c., 1861–1862 (Jena, 1868); Reise in das Gebiet des Weissen Nil, &c. 1862–1864 (Leipzig, 1869); Reisen nach dem Nordpolarmeer, 1870–1871 (Brunswick, 1872–1874); Ornithologie von Nordost-Afrika (Cassel, 1869–1875); Reise in Nordost-Afrika (Brunswick, 1877, 2 vols.) A list of the more important of his numerous contributions to Petermann’s Mitteilungen will be found in that serial for 1877 at the close of the necrological notice.
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HEULANDITE, a mineral of the zeolite group, consisting of hydrous calcium and aluminium silicate, H4CaAl2(SiO3)6 + 3H20. Small amounts of sodium and potassium are usually present replacing part of the calcium. Crystals are monoclinic, and have a characteristic coffin-shaped habit. They have a perfect cleavage parallel to the plane of symmetry (M in the figure), on which the lustre is markedly pearly; on other faces the lustre is of the vitreous type. The mineral is usually colourless or white, sometimes brick-red, and varies from transparent to translucent. The hardness is 312-4, and the specific gravity 2.2.
Heulandite closely resembles stilbite (q.v.) in appearance, and differs from it chemically only in containing rather less water of crystallization. The two minerals may, however, be readily distinguished by the fact that in heulandite the acute positive bisectrix of the optic axes emerges perpendicular to the cleavage. Heulandite was first separated from stilbite by A. Breithaupt in 1818, and named by him euzeolite (meaning beautiful zeolite); independently, in 1822, H. J. Brooke arrived at the same result, giving the name heulandite, after the mineral collector, Henry Heuland.
Heulandite occurs with stilbite and other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of basaltic volcanic rocks, and occasionally in gneiss and metalliferous veins. The best specimens are from the basalts of Berufjord, near Djupivogr, in Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and the Deccan traps of the Sahyadri mountains near Bombay. Crystals of a brick-red colour are from Campsie Fells in Stirlingshire and the Fassathal in Tirol. A variety known as beaumontite occurs as small yellow crystals on syenitic schist near Baltimore in Maryland.
Isomorphous with heulandite is the strontium and barium zeolite brewsterite, named after Sir David Brewster. The greyish monoclinic crystals have the composition H4(Sr, Ba, Ca)Al2(SiO3)6 + 3H2O, and are found in the basalt of the Giant’s Causeway in Co. Antrim, and with harmotome in the lead mines at Strontian in Argyllshire. (L. J. S.)
HEUSCH, WILLEM, or Guilliam de, a Dutch landscape
painter in the 17th century at Utrecht. The dates of this artist’s
birth and death are unknown. Nothing certain is recorded
of him except that he presided over the gild of Utrecht, whilst
Cornelis Poelemburg, Jan Both and Jan Weenix formed the
council of that body, in 1649. According to the majority of
historians, Heusch was born in 1638, and was taught by Jan
Both. But each of these statements seems open to doubt;
and although it is obvious that the style of Heusch is identical
with that of Both, it may be that the two masters during their
travels in Italy fell under the influence of Claude Lorraine,
whose “Arcadian” art they imitated. Heusch certainly painted
the same effects of evening in wide expanses of country varied
by rock formations and lofty thin-leaved arborescence as Both.
There is little to distinguish one master from the other, except
that of the two Both is perhaps the more delicate colourist.
The gild of Utrecht in the middle of the 17th century was composed
of artists who clung faithfully to each other. Poelemburg,
who painted figures for Jan Both, did the same duty for Heusch.
Sometimes Heusch sketched landscapes for the battlepieces of
Molenaer. The most important examples of Heusch are in the
galleries of the Hague and Rotterdam, in the Belvedere at
Vienna, the Städel at Frankfort and the Louvre. His pictures
are signed with the full name, beginning with a monogram
combining a G (for Guilliam), D and H. Heusch’s etchings, of
which thirteen are known, are also in the character of those of
Both.
After Guilliam there also flourished at Utrecht his nephew, Jacob de Heusch, who signs like his uncle, substituting an initial J for the initial G. He was born at Utrecht in 1657, learnt drawing from his uncle, and travelled early to Rome, where he acquired friends and patrons for whom he executed pictures after his return. He settled for a time at Berlin, but finally retired to Utrecht, where he died in 1701. Jacob was an “Arcadian,” like his relative, and an imitator of Both, and he chiefly painted Italian harbour views. But his pictures are now scarce. Two of his canvases, the “Ponte Rotto” at Rome, in the Brunswick Gallery, and a lake harbour with shipping in the Lichtenstein collection at Vienna, are dated 1696. A harbour with a tower and distant mountains, in the Belvedere at Vienna, was executed in 1699. Other examples may be found in English private galleries, in the Hermitage of St Petersburg and the museums of Rouen and Montpellier.
HEVELIUS [Hevel or Höwelcke], JOHANN (1611–1687),
German astronomer, was born at Danzig on the 28th of January
1611. He studied jurisprudence at Leiden in 1630; travelled
in England and France; and in 1634 settled in his native town
as a brewer and town councillor. From 1639 his chief interest
became centred in astronomy, though he took, throughout his
life, a leading part in municipal affairs. In 1641 he built an
observatory in his house, provided with a splendid instrumental
outfit, including ultimately a tubeless telescope of 150 ft. focal
length, constructed by himself. It was visited, on the 29th
of January 1660, by John II. and Maria Gonzaga, king and
queen of Poland. Hevelius made observations of sun-spots, 1642–1645,
devoted four years to charting the lunar surface, discovered
the moon’s libration in longitude, and published his results in
Selenographia (1647), a work which entitles him to be called
the founder of lunar topography. He discovered four comets
in the several years 1652, 1661, 1672 and 1677, and suggested
the revolution of such bodies in parabolic tracks round the sun.
On the 26th of September 1679, his observatory, instruments
and books were maliciously destroyed by fire, the catastrophe
being described in the preface to his Annus climactericus (1685).
He promptly repaired the damage, so far as to enable him to
observe the great comet of December 1680; but his health
suffered from the shock, and he died on the 28th of January 1687.
Among his works were: Prodromus cometicus (1665); Cometographia
(1668); Machina coelestis (first part, 1673), containing
a description of his instruments; the second part (1679) is
extremely rare, nearly the whole issue having perished in the
conflagration of 1679. The observations made by Hevelius
on the variable star named by him “Mira” are included in
Annus climactericus. His catalogue of 1564 stars appeared
posthumously in Prodromus astronomiae (1690). Its value
was much impaired by his preference of the antique “pinnules”
to telescopic sights on quadrants. This led to an acrimonious
