known to Shakespeare as “Kendal green” is no longer made, its place is more than supplied by active manufactures of tweeds, railway rugs, horse clothing, knitted woollen caps and jackets, worsted and woollen yarns, and similar goods. Other manufactures of Kendal are machine-made boots and shoes, cards for wool and cotton, agricultural and other machinery, paper, and, in the neighbourhood, gunpowder. There is a large weekly market for grain, and annual horse and cattle fairs. The town is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 2622 acres.
The outline of a Roman fort is traceable at Watercrook near Kendal. The barony and castle of Kendal or Kirkby-in-Kendal, held by Turold before the Conquest, were granted by William I. to Ivo de Taillebois, but the barony was divided into three parts in the reign of Richard II., one part with the castle passing to Sir William Parr, knight, ancestor of Catherine Parr. After the death of her brother William Parr, marquess of Northampton, his share of the barony called Marquis Fee reverted to Queen Elizabeth. The castle, being evidently deserted, was in ruins in 1586. Kendal was plundered by the Scots in 1210, and was visited by the rebels in 1715 and again in 1745 when the Pretender was proclaimed king there. Burgesses in Kendal are mentioned in 1345, and the borough with “court housez” and the fee-farm of free tenants is included in a confirmation charter to Sir William Parr in 1472. Richard III. in 1484 granted the inhabitants of the barony freedom from toll, passage and pontage, and the town was incorporated in 1576 by Queen Elizabeth under the title of an alderman and 12 burgesses, but Charles I. in 1635 appointed a mayor, 12 aldermen and 20 capital burgesses. Under the Municipal Reform Act of 1835 the corporation was again altered. From 1832 to 1885 Kendal sent one member to parliament, but since the last date its representation has been merged in that of the southern division of the county. A weekly market on Saturday granted by Richard I. to Roger Fitz Reinfred was purchased by the corporation from the earl of Lonsdale and Captain Bagot, lords of the manor, in 1885 and 1886. Of the five fairs which are now held three are ancient, that now held on the 29th of April being granted to Marmaduke de Tweng and William de Ros in 1307, and those on the 8th and 9th of November to Christiana, widow of Ingelram de Gynes, in 1333.
See Victoria County History, Westmorland; Cornelius Nicholson, The Annals of Kendal (1861).
KENDALL, HENRY CLARENCE (1841–1882), Australian
poet, son of a missionary, was born in New South Wales on the
18th of April 1841. He received only a slight education, and
in 1860 he entered a lawyer’s office in Sydney. He had always
had literary tastes, and sent some of his verses in 1862 to London
to be published in the Athenaeum. Next year he obtained a
clerkship in the Lands Department at Sydney, being afterwards
transferred to the Colonial Secretary’s office; and he combined
this work with the writing of poetry and with journalism. His
principal volumes of verse were Leaves from an Australian
Forest (1869) and Songs from the Mountains (1880), his feeling
for nature, as embodied in Australian landscape and bush-life,
being very true and full of charm. In 1869 he resigned his post
in the public service, and for some little while was in business
with his brothers. Sir Henry Parkes took an interest in him,
and eventually appointed him to an inspectorship of forests.
He died on the 1st of August 1882. In 1886 a memorial edition
of his poems was published at Melbourne.
KENEALY, EDWARD VAUGHAN HYDE (1819–1880),
Irish barrister and author, was born at Cork on the 2nd of July
1819, the son of a local merchant. He was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin; was called to the Irish bar in 1840 and to the
English bar in 1847; and obtained a fair practice in criminal
cases. In 1868 he became a Q.C. and a bencher of Gray’s Inn.
It was not, however, till 1873, when he became leading counsel
for the Tichborne claimant, that he came into any great prominence.
His violent conduct of the case became a public scandal,
and after the verdict against his client he started a paper to
plead his cause and to attack the judges. His behaviour was so
extreme that in 1874 he was disbenched and disbarred by his Inn.
He then started an agitation throughout the country to ventilate
his grievances, and in 1875 was elected to parliament for Stoke;
but no member would introduce him when he took his seat.
Dr Kenealy, as he was always called, gradually ceased to
attract attention, and on the 16th of April 1880 he died in
London. He published a great quantity of verse, and also of
somewhat mystical theology. His second daughter, Dr Arabella
Kenealy, besides practising as a physician, wrote some clever
novels.
KĒNG TŪNG, the most extensive of the Shan States in the
province of Burma. It is in the southern Shan States’ charge
and lies almost entirely east of the Salween river. The area of
the state is rather over 12,000 sq. m. It is bounded N. by the
states of Mang Lön, Möng Lem and Kēng Hūng (Hsip Hsawng
Pannā), the two latter under Chinese control; E. by the Mekong
river, on the farther side of which is French Lao territory; S. by
the Siamese Shan States, and W. in a general way by the Salween
river, though it overlaps it in some places. The state is known
to the Chinese as Mêng Kêng, and was frequently called by the
Burmese “the 32 cities of the Gôn” (Hkön). Kēng Tūng has
expanded very considerably since the establishment of British
control, by the inclusion of the districts of Hsen Yawt, Hsen
Mawng, Möng Hsat, Möng Pu, and the cis-Mekong portions of
Kēng Cheng, which in Burmese times were separate charges.
The “classical” name of the state is Khemarata or Khemarata
Tungkapuri. About 63% of the area lies in the basin of the
Mekong river and 37% in the Salween drainage area. The
watershed is a high and generally continuous range. Some of
its peaks rise to over 7000 ft., and the elevation is nowhere much
below 5000 ft. Parallel to this successive hill ranges run north
and south. Mountainous country so greatly predominates
that the scattered valleys are but as islands in a sea of rugged
hills. The chief rivers, tributaries of the Salween, are the Nam
Hka, the Hwe Lông, Nam Pu, and the Nam Hsīm. The first
and last are very considerable rivers. The Nam Hka rises in
the Wa or Vü states, the Nam Hsīm on the watershed range in
the centre of the state. Rocks and rapids make both unnavigable,
but much timber goes down the Nam Hsīm. The lower
part of both rivers forms the boundary of Kēng Tūng state.
The chief tributaries of the Mekong are the Nam Nga, the Nam
Lwe, the Nam Yawng, Nam Līn, Nam Hôk and Nam Kôk. Of
these the chief is the Nam Lwe, which is navigable in the interior
of the state, but enters the Mekong by a gorge broken up by
rocks. The Nam Līn and the Nam Kôk are also considerable
streams. The lower course of the latter passes by Chieng Rai
in Siamese territory. The lower Nam Hôk or Mē Huak forms
the boundary with Siam.
The existence of minerals was reported by the sawbwa, or chief, to Francis Garnier in 1867, but none is worked or located. Gold is washed in most of the streams. Teak forests exist in Möng Pu and Möng Hsat, and the sawbwa works them as government contracts. One-third of the price realized from the sale of the logs at Moulmein is retained as the government royalty. There are teak forests also in the Mekong drainage area in the south of the state, but there is only a local market for the timber. Rice, as elsewhere in the Shan States, is the chief crop. Next to it is sugar-cane, grown both as a field crop and in gardens. Earth-nuts and tobacco are the only other field crops in the valleys. On the hills, besides rice, cotton, poppy and tea are the chief crops. The tea is carelessly grown, badly prepared, and only consumed locally. A great deal of garden produce is raised in the valleys, especially near the capital. The state is rich in cattle, and exports them to the country west of the Salween. Cotton and opium are exported in large quantities, the former entirely to China, a good deal of the latter to northern Siam, which also takes shoes and sandals. Tea is carried through westwards from Kēng Hūng, and silk from the Siamese Shan States. Cotton and silk weaving are dying out as industries. Large quantities of shoes and sandals are made of buffalo and bullock hide, with Chinese felt uppers and soft iron hobnails. There is a good deal of pottery work. The chief work in iron is the manufacture of guns, which has been carried on for many years in certain villages of the Sam Tao district. The gun barrels and springs are rude but effective, though not very durable. The revenue of the state is collected as the Burmese thathameda, a rude system of income-tax. From 1890, when the state made its submission, the annual tributary offerings made in Burmese times were continued to the British government, but in 1894 these offerings were converted into tribute. For the quinquennial period 1903–1908 the state paid Rs. 30,000 (£2000) annually.
