The population of the state was enumerated for the first time in
1901, giving a total of 190,698. According to an estimate made by
Mr G. C. Stirling, the political officer in charge of the state, in 1897–1898,
of the various tribes of Shans, the Hkün and Lü contribute
about 36,000 each, the western Shans 32,000, the Lem and Lao Shans
about 7000, and the Chinese Shans about 5000. Of the hill tribes, the
Kaw or Aka are the most homogeneous with 22,000, but probably
the Wa (or Vü), disguised under various tribal names, are at least
equally numerous. Nominal Buddhists make up a total of 133,400,
and the remainder are classed as animists. Spirit-worship is, however,
very conspicuously prevalent amongst all classes even of the
Shans. The present sawbwa or chief received his patent from the
British government on the 9th of February 1897. The early history
of Kēng Tūng is very obscure, but Burmese influence seems to have
been maintained since the latter half, at any rate, of the 16th century.
The Chinese made several attempts to subdue the state, and appear
to have taken the capital in 1765–66, but were driven out by the
united Shan and Burmese troops. The same fate seems to have
attended the first Siamese invasion of 1804. The second and third
Siamese invasions, in 1852 and 1854, resulted in great disaster to the
invaders, though the capital was invested for a time.
Kēng Tūng, the capital, is situated towards the southern end of a valley about 12 m. long and with an average breadth of 7 m. The town is surrounded by a brick wall and moat about 5 m. round. Only the central and northern portions are much built over. Pop. (1901), 5695. It is the most considerable town in the British Shan States. In the dry season crowds attend the market held according to Shan custom every five days, and numerous caravans come from China. The military post formerly was 7 m. west of the town, at the foot of the watershed range. At first the headquarters of a regiment was stationed there; this was reduced to a wing, and recently to military police. The site was badly chosen and proved very unhealthy, and the headquarters both military and civil have been transferred to Loi Ngwe Lông, a ridge 6500 ft. above sea-level 12 m. south of the capital. The rainfall probably averages between 50 and 60 in. for the year. The temperature seems to rise to nearly 100° F. during the hot weather, falling 30° or more during the night. In the cold weather a temperature of 40° or a few degrees more or less appears to be the lowest experienced. The plain in which the capital stands has an altitude of 3000 ft. (J. G. Sc.)
KENILWORTH, a market town in the Rugby parliamentary
division of Warwickshire, England; pleasantly situated on a
tributary of the Avon, on a branch of the London & North-Western
railway, 99 m. N.W. from London. Pop. of urban
district (1901), 4544. The town is only of importance from its
antiquarian interest and the magnificent ruins of its old castle.
The walls originally enclosed an area of 7 acres. The principal
portions of the building remaining are the gatehouse, now used
as a dwelling-house; Caesar’s tower, the only portion built by
Geoffrey de Clinton now extant, with massive walls 16 ft. thick;
the Merwyn’s tower of Scott’s Kenilworth; the great hall built
by John of Gaunt with windows of very beautiful design; and
the Leicester buildings, which are in a very ruinous condition.
Not far from the castle are the remains of an Augustinian
monastery founded in 1122, and afterwards made an abbey.
Adjoining the abbey is the parish church of St Nicholas, restored
in 1865, a structure of mixed architecture, containing a fine
Norman doorway, which is supposed to have been the entrance
of the former abbey church.
Kenilworth (Chinewrde, Kenillewurda, Kinelingworthe, Kenilord, Killingworth) is said to have been a member of Stoneleigh before the Norman Conquest and a possession of the Saxon kings, whose royal residence there was destroyed in the wars between Edward and Canute. The town was granted by Henry I. to Geoffrey de Clinton, a Norman who built the castle round which the whole history of Kenilworth centres. He also founded a monastery here about 1122. Geoffrey’s grandson released his right to King John, and the castle remained with the crown until Henry III. granted it to Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester. The famous “Dictum de Kenilworth” was proclaimed here in 1266. After the battle of Evesham the rebel forces rallied at the castle, which, after a siege of six months, was surrendered by Henry de Hastings, the governor, on account of the scarceness of food and of the “pestilent disease” which raged there. The king then granted it to his son Edmund. Through John of Gaunt it came to Henry IV. and was granted by Elizabeth in 1562 to Robert Dudley, afterwards earl of Leicester, but on his death in 1588 again merged in the possessions of the Crown. The earl spent large sums on restoring the castle and grounds, and here in July 1575 he entertained Queen Elizabeth at “excessive cost,” as described in Scott’s Kenilworth. On the queen’s first entry “a small floating island illuminated by a great variety of torches . . . made its appearance upon the lake,” upon which, clad in silks, were the Lady of the Lake and two nymphs waiting on her, and for the several days of her stay “rare shews and sports were there exercised.” During the civil wars the castle was dismantled by the soldiers of Cromwell and was from that time abandoned to decay. The only mention of Kenilworth as a borough occurs in a charter of Henry I. to Geoffrey de Clinton and in the charters of Henry I. and Henry II. to the church of St Mary of Kenilworth confirming the grant of lands made by Geoffrey to this church, and mentioning that he kept the land in which his castle was situated and also land for making his borough, park and fishpond. The town possesses large tanneries.
KENITES, in the Bible a tribe or clan of the south of Palestine, closely associated with the Amalekites, whose hostility
towards Israel, however, it did not share. On this account Saul
spared them when bidden by Yahweh to destroy Amalek;
David, too, whilst living in Judah, appears to have been on
friendly terms with them (1 Sam. xv. 6; xxx. 29). Moses himself
married into a Kenite family (Judges i. 16), and the variant
tradition would seem to show that the Kenites were only a
branch of the Midianites (see Jethro, Midian). Jael, the
slayer of Sisera (see Deborah), was the wife of Heber the
Kenite, who lived near Kadesh in Naphtali; and the appearance
of the clan in this locality may be explained from the
nomadic habits of the tribe, or else as a result of the northward
movement in which at least one other clan or tribe took part (see Dan). There is an obscure allusion to their destruction in an
appendage to the oracles of Balaam (Num. xxiv. 21 seq., see
G. B. Gray, Intern. Crit. Comm. p. 376); and with this, the only
unfavourable reference to them, may perhaps be associated the
curse of Cain. Although some connexion with the name of
Cain is probable, it is difficult, however, to explain the curse
(for one view, see Levites). More important is the prominent
part played by the Kenite (or Midianite) father-in-law of Moses,
whose help and counsel are related in Exod. xviii.; and if, as
seems probable, the Rechabites (q.v.) were likewise of Kenite
origin (1 Chron. ii. 55), this obscure tribe had evidently an
important part in shaping the religion of Israel.
See on this question, Hebrew Religion, and Budde, Religion of Israel to the Exile, vol. i.; G. A. Barton, Semitic Origins, pp. 272 sqq.; L. B. Paton, Biblical World (1906, July and August). On the migration of the Kenites into Palestine (cf. Num. x. 29 with Judges i. 16), see Caleb, Genesis, Jerahmeel, Judah. (S. A. C.)
KENMORE, a village and parish of Perthshire, Scotland, 6 m.
W. of Aberfeldy. Pop. of parish (1901), 1271. It is situated
at the foot of Loch Tay, near the point where the river Tay
leaves the lake. Taymouth Castle, the seat of the Marquess
of Breadalbane, stands near the base of Drummond Hill in a
princely park through which flows the Tay. It is a stately four-storeyed
edifice with corner towers and a central pavilion, and
was built in 1801 (the west wing being added in 1842) on the site
of the mansion erected in 1580 for Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy.
The old house was called Balloch (Gaelic, bealach, “the
outlet of a lake”). Two miles S.W. of Kenmore are the Falls of
the Acharn, 80 ft. high. When Wordsworth and his sister
visited them in 1803 the grotto at the cascade was fitted up to
represent a “hermit’s mossy cell.” At the village of Fortingall,
on the north side of Loch Tay, are the shell of a yew conjectured
to be 3000 years old and the remains of a Roman camp. Glenlyon
House was the home of Campbell of Glenlyon, chief agent
in the massacre of Glencoe. At Garth, 212 m. N.E., are the
ruins of an ancient castle, said to have been a stronghold of
Alexander Stewart, the Wolf of Badenoch (1343–1405), in close
proximity to the modern mansion built for Sir Donald Currie.
KENMURE, WILLIAM GORDON, 6th viscount (d. 1716), Jacobite leader, son of Alexander, 5th viscount (d. 1698), was descended from the same family as Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar (d. 1604), whose grandson, Sir John Gordon (d. 1634), was
