include the item, “large kettledrums mounted on a carriage with cloaths marked I.R. and cost £158, 9s.”[1] A model of the kettledrums with their carriage which accompanied the duke of Marlborough to Holland in 1702 is preserved in the Rotunda Museum at Woolwich. The kettledrums accompanied the Royal Artillery train in the Vigo expedition and during the campaign in Flanders in 1748. Macbean[2] states that they were mounted on a triumphal car ornamented and gilt, bearing the ordnance flag and drawn by six white horses. The position of the car on march was in front of the flag gun, and in camp in front of the quarters of the duke of Cumberland with the artillery guns packed round them. The kettledrummer had by order “to mount the kettledrum carriage every night half an hour before the sun sett and beat till gun fireing.” In 1759 the kettledrums ceased to form part of the establishment of the Royal Artillery, and they were deposited, together with their carriage, in the Tower, at the same time as a pair captured at Malplaquet in 1709. These Tower drums were frequently borrowed by Handel for performances of his oratorios.
The kettledrums still form part of the bands of the Life Guards and other cavalry regiments. (K. S.)
KEUPER, in geology the third or uppermost subdivision of
the Triassic system. The name is a local miners’ term of German
origin; it corresponds to the French marnes irisées. The formation
is well exposed in Swabia, Franconia, Alsace and Lorraine
and Luxemburg; it extends from Basel on the east side of the
Rhine into Hanover, and northwards it spreads into Sweden and
through England into Scotland and north-east Ireland; it
appears flanking the central plateau of France and in the Pyrenees
and Sardinia. In the German region it is usual to divide the
Keuper into three groups, the Rhaetic or upper Keuper, the
middle, Hauptkeuper or gypskeuper, and the lower, Kohlenkeuper
or Lettenkohle. In Germany the lower division consists mainly
of grey clays and schieferletten with white, grey and brightly
coloured sandstone and dolomitic limestone. The upper part
of this division is often a grey dolomite known as the Grenz
dolomite; the impure coal beds—Lettenkohle—are aggregated
towards the base. The middle division is thicker than either
of the others (at Göttingen, 450 metres); it consists of a marly
series below, grey, red and green marls with gypsum and dolomite—this
is the gypskeuper in its restricted sense. The higher
part of the series is sandy, hence called the Steinmergel; it is
comparatively free from gypsum. To this division belong the
Myophoria beds (M. Raibliana) with galena in places; the
Estheria beds (E. laxitesta); the Schelfsandstein, used as a
building-stone; the Lehrberg and Berg-gyps beds; Semionotus
beds (S. Bergeri) with building-stone of Coburg; and the Burg-
and Stubensandstein. The salt, which is associated with gypsum,
is exploited in south Germany at Dreuze, Pettoncourt, Vie in
Lorraine and Wimpfen on the Neckar. A 12-metre coal is found
on this horizon in the Erzgebirge, and another, 2 metres thick,
has been mined in Upper Silesia. The upper Keuper, Rhaetic
or Avicula contorta zone in Germany is mainly sandy with dark
grey shales and marls; it is seldom more than 25 metres thick.
The sandstones are used for building purposes at Bayreuth,
Culmbach and Bamberg. In Swabia and the Wesergebirge are
several “bone-beds,” thicker than those in the middle Keuper,
which contain a rich assemblage of fossil remains of fish, reptiles
and the mammalian teeth of Microlestes antiquus and Triglyptus
Fraasi. The name Rhaetic is derived from the Rhaetic Alps
where the beds are well developed; they occur also in central
France, the Pyrenees and England. In S. Tirol and the
Judicarian Mountains the Rhaetic is represented by the Kössener
beds. In the Alpine region the presence of coral beds gives rise
to the so-called “Lithodendron Kalk.”
In Great Britain the Keuper contains the following subdivisions: Rhaetic or Penarth beds, grey, red and green marls, black shales and so-called “white lias” (10–150 ft.). Upper Keuper marl, red and grey marls and shales with gypsum and rock salt (800–3000 ft.). Lower Keuper sandstone, marls and thin sandstones at the top, red and white sandstones (including the so-called “waterstones”) below, with breccias and conglomerates at the base (150–250 ft.). The basal or “dolomitic conglomerate” is a shore or scree breccia derived from local materials; it is well developed in the Mendip district. The rock-salt beds vary from 1 in. to 100 ft. in thickness; they are extensively worked (mined and pumped) in Cheshire, Middlesbrough and Antrim. The Keuper covers a large area in the midlands and around the flanks of the Pennine range; it reaches southward to the Devonshire coast, eastward into Yorkshire and north-westward into north Ireland and south Scotland. As in Germany, there are one or more “bone beds” in the English Rhaetic with a similar assemblage of fossils. In the “white lias” the upper hard limestone is known as the “sun bed” or “Jew stone”; at the base is the Cotham or landscape marble.
Representatives of the Rhaetic are found in south Sweden, where the lower portion contains workable coals, in the Himalayas, Japan, Tibet, Burma, eastern Siberia and in Spitzbergen. The upper portion of the Karroo beds of South Africa and part of the Otapiri series of New Zealand are probably of Rhaetic age.
The Keuper is not rich in fossils; the principal plants are cypress-like conifers (Walchia, Voltzia) and a few calamites with such forms as Equisetum arenaceum and Pterophyllum Jaegeri, Avicula contorta, Protocardium rhaeticum, Terebratula gregaria, Myophoria costata, M. Goldfassi and Lingula tenuessima, Anoplophoria lettica may be mentioned among the invertebrates. Fishes include Ceratodus, Hybodus and Lepidotus. Labyrinthodonts represented by the footprints of Cheirotherium and the bones of Labyrinthodon, Mastodonsaurus and Capitosaurus. Among the reptiles are Hyperodapedon, Palaeosaurus, Zanclodon, Nothosaurus and Belodon. Microlestes, the earliest known mammalian genus, has already been mentioned.
See also the article Triassic System. (J. A. H.)
KEW, a township in the Kingston parliamentary division of
Surrey, England, situated on the south bank of the Thames,
6 m. W.S.W. of Hyde Park Corner, London. Pop. (1901), 2699.
A stone bridge of seven arches, erected in 1789, connecting Kew
with Brentford on the other side of the river, was replaced by
a bridge of three arches opened by Edward VII. in 1903 and
named after him. Kew has increased greatly as a residential
suburb of London; the old village consisted chiefly of a row of
houses with gardens attached, situated on the north side of a
green, to the south of which is the church and churchyard and
at the west the principal entrance to Kew Gardens. From
remains found in the bed of the river near Kew bridge it has been
conjectured that the village marks the site of an old British
settlement. The name first occurs in a document of the reign
of Henry VII., where it is spelt Kayhough. The church of
St Anne (1714) has a mausoleum containing the tomb of the duke
of Cambridge (d. 1850) son of George III., and is also the burial-place
of Thomas Gainsborough the artist, Jeremiah Meyer the
painter of miniatures (d. 1789), John Zoffany the artist (d. 1810),
Joshua Kirby the architect (d. 1774), and William Aiton the
botanist and director of Kew Gardens (d. 1793).
The free school originally endowed by Lady Capel in 1721 received special benefactions from George IV., and the title of “the king’s free school.”
The estate of Kew House about the end of the 17th century came into the possession of Lord Capel of Tewkesbury, and in 1721 of Samuel Molyneux, secretary to the prince of Wales, afterwards George II. After his death it was leased by Frederick prince of Wales, son of George II., and was purchased about 1789 by George III., who devoted his leisure to its improvement. The old house was pulled down in 1802, and a new mansion was begun from the designs of James Wyatt, but the king’s death prevented its completion, and in 1827 the portion built was removed. Dutch House, close to Kew House, was sold by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, to Sir Hugh Portman, a Dutch merchant, late in the 16th century, and in 1781 was purchased by George III. as a nursery for the royal children. It is a plain brick structure, now known as Kew Palace.
