Copepoda of the genus Cyclops, and the Harpacticidae are only found
in this region. Water-mites, nearly all the Rotifers, Gastrotricha,
Tardigrada and Molluscs are found here, and Rhizopods are abundant.
A large number of the littoral species in Loch Ness extends
down to a depth of about 300 ft.
The abyssal region, in Scottish lochs, lies, as a rule, deeper than 300 ft., and in this deep region a well-marked association of animals appears in the muds on the bottom, but none of them are peculiar to it: they all extend into the littoral zone, from which they were originally derived. In Loch Ness the following sparse population was recorded:—
| 1 Mollusc: | Pisidium pusillum (Gmel). |
| 3 Crustacea: | Cyclops viridis, Jurine. |
| Candona candida (Müll). | |
| Cypria ophthalmica, Jurine. | |
| 3 Worms: | Stylodrilus gabreteae, Vejd. |
| Oligochaete, not determined. | |
| Automolos morgiensis (Du Plessis). | |
| 1 Insect: | Chironomus (larva). |
| Infusoria: | Several, ectoparasites on Pisidium and Cyclops, not determined. |
In addition, the following were found casually at great depths in Loch Ness: Hydra, Limnaea peregra, Proales daphnicola and Lynceus affinis.
The pelagic region of the Scottish lakes is occupied by numerous microscopic organisms, belonging to the Zooplankton and Phytoplankton. Of the former group 30 species belonging to the Crustacea, Rotifera and Protozoa were recorded in Loch Ness. Belonging to the second group 150 species were recorded, of which 120 were Desmids. Some of these species of plankton organisms are almost universal in the Scottish lochs, while others are quite local. Some of the species occur all the year through, while others have only been recorded in summer or in winter. The great development of Algae in the surface waters, called “flowering of the water” (Wasserblüthe), was observed in August in Loch Lomond; a distinct “flowering,” due to Chlorophyceae, has been observed in shallow lochs as early as July. It is most common in August and September, but has also been observed in winter.
The plankton animals which are dominant or common, both over Scotland and the rest of Europe, are:—
| Diaptomus gracilis. |
All of these, according to Dr Lund, belong to the general plankton association of the European plain, or are even cosmopolitan.
The Scottish plankton on the whole differs from the plankton of the central European plateau, and from the cosmopolitan fresh-water plankton, in the extraordinary richness of the Phytoplankton in species of Desmids, in the conspicuous arctic element among the Crustacea, in the absence or comparative rarity of the species commonest in the general European plankton. Another peculiarity is the local distribution of some of the Crustacea and many of the Desmids.
The derivation of the whole lacustrine population of the Scottish lochs does not seem to present any difficulty. The abyssal forms have been traced to the littoral zone without any perceptible modifications. The plankton organisms are a mingling of European and arctic species. The cosmopolitan species may enter the lochs by ordinary migration. It is probable that if the whole plankton could be annihilated, it would be replaced by ordinary migration within a few years. The eggs and spores of many species can be dried up without injury, and may be carried through the air as dust from one lake to another; others, which would not bear desiccation, might be carried in mud adhering to the feet of aquatic birds and in various other ways. The arctic species may be survivors from a period when arctic conditions prevailed over a great part of Europe. What are known as “relicts” of a marine fauna have not been found in the Scottish fresh-water lochs.
It is somewhat remarkable that none of the organisms living in fresh-water lochs has been observed to exhibit the phenomenon of phosphorescence, although similar organisms in the salt-water lochs a few miles distant exhibit brilliant phosphorescence. At similar depths in the sea-lochs there is usually a great abundance of life when compared with that found in fresh-water lochs.
Length, Depth, Area and Volume of Lakes.—In the following table will be found the length, depth, area and volume of some of the principal lakes of the world.[1] Sir John Murray estimates the volume of water in the 560 Scottish lochs recently surveyed at 7 cub. m., and the approximate volume of water in all the lakes of the world at about 2000 cub. m., so that this last number is but a small fraction of the volume of the ocean, which he previously estimated at 324 million cub. m. It may be recalled that the total rainfall on the land of the globe is estimated at 29,350 cub. m., and the total discharge from the rivers of the globe at 6524 cub. m.
British Lakes
| Length in Miles. | Depth in Feet. | Area in sq. m. | Volume in million cub. ft. | ||
| I. England— | Max. | Mean. | |||
| Windermere | 10.50 | 219 | 78.5 | 5.69 | 12,250 |
| Ullswater | 7.35 | 205 | 83 | 3.44 | 7,870 |
| Wastwater | 3.00 | 258 | 134.5 | 1.12 | 4,128 |
| Coniston Water | 5.41 | 184 | 79 | 1.89 | 4,000 |
| Crummock Water | 2.50 | 144 | 87.5 | 0.97 | 2,343 |
| Ennerdale Water | 2.40 | 148 | 62 | 1.12 | 1,978 |
| Bassenthwaite Water | 3.83 | 70 | 18 | 2.06 | 1,023 |
| Derwentwater | 2.87 | 72 | 18 | 2.06 | 1,010 |
| Haweswater | 2.33 | 103 | 39.5 | 0.54 | 589 |
| Buttermere | 1.26 | 94 | 54.5 | 0.36 | 537 |
| II. Wales— | |||||
| Llyn Cawlyd | 1.62 | 222 | 109.1 | 0.18 | 941 |
| Llyn Cwellyn | 1.20 | 122 | 74.1 | 0.35 | 713 |
| Llyn Padarn | 2.00 | 94 | 52.4 | 0.43 | 632 |
| Llyn Llydaw | 1.11 | 190 | 77.4 | 0.19 | 409 |
| Llyn Peris | 1.10 | 114 | 63.9 | 0.19 | 344 |
| Llyn Dulyn | 0.31 | 189 | 104.2 | 0.05 | 156 |
| III. Scotland— | |||||
| Ness | 24.23 | 754 | 433.02 | 21.78 | 263,162 |
| Lomond | 22.64 | 623 | 121.29 | 27.45 | 92,805 |
| Morar | 11.68 | 1017 | 284.00 | 10.30 | 81,482 |
| Tay | 14.55 | 508 | 199.08 | 10.19 | 56,550 |
| Awe | 25.47 | 307 | 104.95 | 14.85 | 43,451 |
| Maree | 13.46 | 367 | 125.30 | 11.03 | 38,539 |
| Lochy | 9.78 | 531 | 228.95 | 5.91 | 37,726 |
| Rannoch | 9.70 | 440 | 167.46 | 7.37 | 34,387 |
| Shiel | 17.40 | 420 | 132.73 | 7.56 | 27,986 |
| Arkaig | 12.00 | 359 | 152.71 | 6.24 | 26,573 |
| Earn | 6.46 | 287 | 137.83 | 3.91 | 14,421 |
| Treig | 5.10 | 436 | 207.37 | 2.41 | 13,907 |
| Shin | 17.22 | 162 | 51.04 | 8.70 | 12,380 |
| Fannich | 6.92 | 282 | 108.76 | 3.60 | 10,920 |
| Assynt | 6.36 | 282 | 101.10 | 3.10 | 8,731 |
| Quoich | 6.95 | 281 | 104.60 | 2.86 | 8,345 |
| Glass | 4.03 | 365 | 159.07 | 1.86 | 8,265 |
| Fionn (Carnmore) | 5.76 | 144 | 57.79 | 3.52 | 5,667 |
| Laggan | 7.04 | 174 | 67.68 | 2.97 | 5,601 |
| Loyal | 4.46 | 217 | 65.21 | 2.55 | 4,628 |
| IV. Ireland— | |||||
| Neagh | 17 | 102 | 40 | 153 | 161,000 |
| Erne (Lower) | 24 | 226 | 43 | 43 | 62,000 |
| Erne (Upper) | 13 | 89 | 10 | 15 | 5,000 |
| Corrib | 27 | 152 | 30 | 68 | 59,000 |
| Mask | 10 | 191 | 52 | 35 | 55,000 |
| Derg | 24 | 119 | 30 | 49 | 47,000 |
European Continental Lakes
| Length in Miles. | Depth in Feet. | Area in sq. m. | Volume in million cub. ft. | ||
| Max. | Mean. | ||||
| Ladoga | 125 | 732 | 300 | 7000 | 43,200,000 |
| Onega | 145 | 740 | 200 | 3800 | 21,000,000 |
| Vener | 93 | 292 | 108 | 2149 | 6,357,000 |
| Geneva | 45 | 1015 | 506 | 225 | 3,175,000 |
| Vetter | 68 | 413 | 128 | 733 | 2,543,000 |
| Mjösen | 57 | 1483 | . . | 139 | 2,882,000 |
| Garda | 38 | 1124 | 446 | 143 | 1,766,000 |
| Constance | 42 | 827 | 295 | 208 | 1,711,000 |
| Ochrida | 19 | 942 | 479 | 105 | 1,391,000 |
| Maggiore | 42 | 1220 | 574 | 82 | 1,310,000 |
| Como | 30 | 1345 | 513 | 56 | 794,000 |
| Hornafvan | 7 | 1391 | 253 | 93 | 777,000 |
- ↑ Divergence between certain of these figures and those quoted elsewhere in this work may be accounted for by the slightly different results arrived at by various authorities.
