LOCKHART, SIR WILLIAM STEPHEN ALEXANDER (1841–1900), British general, was born in Scotland on the 2nd of September 1841, his father being a Lanarkshire clergyman. He entered the Indian army in 1858, in the Bengal native infantry. He served in the Indian Mutiny, the Bhutan campaign (1864–66), the Abyssinian expedition (1867–68; mentioned in despatches), the Hazara Black Mountain expedition (1868–69; mentioned in despatches). From 1869 to 1879 he acted as deputy-assistant and assistant quartermaster-general in Bengal. In 1877 he was military attaché with the Dutch army in Acheen. He served in the Afghan War of 1878–80, was mentioned in despatches and made a C.B., and from 1880 to 1885 was D.Q.G. in the intelligence branch at headquarters. He commanded a brigade in the Third Burmese War (1886–87), and was made K.C.B., C.S.I., and received the thanks of the government. An attack of fever brought him to England, where he was employed as assistant military secretary for Indian affairs; but in 1890 he returned to India to take command of the Punjab frontier force, and for five years was engaged in various expeditions against the hill tribes. After the Waziristan campaign in 1894–95 he was made K.C.S.I. He became full general in 1896, and in 1897 he was given the command against the Afridis and Mohmands, and conducted the difficult Tirah campaign with great skill. He was made G.C.B., and in 1898 became commander-in-chief in India. He died on the 18th of March 1900. Sir William Lockhart was not only a first-rate soldier, but also had a great gift for dealing with the native tribesmen. Among the latter he had the sobriquet of Amir Sahib, on account of their respect and affection for him.
LOCK HAVEN, a city and the county-seat of Clinton county,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the west branch of the Susquehanna
river, near the mouth of Bald Eagle Creek, about 70 m. N.N.W.
of Harrisburg. Pop. (1900) 7210 (618 foreign-born and 122
negroes); (1910) 7772. It is served by branches of the Pennsylvania
and the New York Central & Hudson River railways and
by electric interurban railways. The city is pleasantly situated
in an agricultural region, and there are large deposits of cement
and of fire-brick clay in the vicinity. Lock Haven is the seat of
the Central State Normal School (opened 1877), and has a public
library and a hospital. There are various manufactures. The
municipality owns and operates the water-works. The locality
was settled in 1769. A town was founded in 1833, the Pennsylvania
Canal (no longer in use here) was completed to this
point in 1834, and the name of the place was suggested by two
canal locks and the harbour, or haven, for rafts in the river.
Lock Haven was made the county-seat immediately after the
erection of Clinton county in 1839, was incorporated as a borough
in 1840, and first chartered as a city in 1870.
LOCKPORT, a city of Will county, Illinois, U.S.A., on the
Des Plaines river and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the
terminus of the Chicago Sanitary District Drainage Canal, about
33 m. S.W. of Chicago and 4 m. N.N.E. of Joliet. Pop. (1900)
2659 (552 being foreign-born and 130 negroes); (1910) 2555.
Lockport is served by the Chicago & Alton, and the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fé railways, and by the Chicago & Joliet Electric
railway. It is in a picturesque farming country, and there are
good limestone quarries in the valley of the Des Plaines river.
It has manufactures and a considerable trade, especially in grain.
A settlement was made here about 1827; in 1837 the site was
chosen as headquarters for the Illinois & Michigan Canal and a
village was laid out; it was incorporated in 1853, and was
chartered as a city in 1904. In 1892 work was begun on the
Chicago Drainage Canal, whose controlling works are here and
whose plant, developing 40,000 h.p. from the 40 ft. fall between
Joliet and Lockport, supplies Lockport with cheap power and has
made it a manufacturing rather than a commercial city.
LOCKPORT, a city and the county-seat of Niagara county,
New York, U.S.A., on the Erie Canal, 26 m. by rail N. by E. of
Buffalo and 56 m. W. of Rochester. Pop. (1900) 16,581, of
whom 2036 were foreign-born and 160 were negroes; (1910
census) 17,970. It is served by the New York Central &
Hudson River and the Erie railways, by the International railway
(electric interurban), and by the Erie Canal. The city owes its
name to the five double locks of the canal, which here falls 66 ft.
(over a continuation of the Niagara escarpment locally known
as “Mountain Ridge”) from the level of Lake Erie to that of
the Genesee river. In 1909 a scheme was on foot to replace these
five locks by a huge lift lock and to construct a large harbour
immediately W. of the city. The surplus water from Tonawanda
Creek, long claimed both by the Canal and by the Lockport
manufacturers, after supplying the canal furnishes water-power,
and electric power is derived from Niagara. The factory
products, mostly paper and wood-pulp, flour and cereal foods,
and foundry and machine-shop products, were valued in 1905
at $5,807,980. Lockport lies in a rich farming and fruit (especially
apple and pear) country, containing extensive sandstone and
Niagara limestone quarries, and is a shipping point for the fruits
and grains and the limestone and sandstone of the surrounding
country. Many buildings in the business part of the city are
heated by the Holly distributing system, which pipes steam
from a central station or plant, and originated in Lockport.
The city owns and operates the water-works, long operated under
the Holly system, which, as well as the Holly distributing
system, was devised by Birdsill Holly, a civil engineer of Lockport.
In 1909 a new system was virtually completed, water
being taken from the Niagara river at Tonawanda and pumped
thence to a stand-pipe in Lockport.
The site, that of the most easterly village in New York state held by the Neutral Nation of Indians, was part of the tract bought by the Holland Company in 1792–1793. Subsequently most of the land on which the city stands was bought from the Holland Company by Esek Brown, the proprietor of a local tavern, and fourteen others, but there were few settlers until after 1820. In 1822 the place was made the county-seat, and in 1823 it was much enlarged by the settlement here of workmen on the Erie Canal, and was the headquarters for a time of the canal contractors. It was incorporated as a village in 1829, was reached by the Erie railway in 1852, and in 1865 was chartered as a city.
LOCKROY, ÉDOUARD (1838– ), French politician, son
of Joseph Philippe Simon (1803–1891), an actor and dramatist
who took the name of Lockroy, was born in Paris on the 18th
of July 1838. He had begun by studying art, but in 1860 enlisted
as a volunteer under Garibaldi. The next three years
were spent in Syria as secretary to Ernest Renan, and on his
return to Paris he embarked in militant journalism against the
second empire in the Figaro, the Diable à quatre, and eventually
in the Rappel, with which his name was thenceforward intimately
connected. He commanded a battalion during the siege of
Paris, and in February 1871 was elected deputy to the National
Assembly where he sat on the extreme left and protested against
the preliminaries of peace. In March he signed the proclamation
for the election of the Commune, and resigned his seat as deputy.
Arrested at Vanves he remained a prisoner at Versailles and
Chartres until June when he was released without being tried. He
was more than once imprisoned for violent articles in the press,
and in 1872 for a duel with Paul de Cassagnac. He was returned
to the Chamber in 1873 as Radical deputy for Bouches-du-Rhône
in 1876, 1877 and 1881 for Aix, and in 1881 he was also
elected in the 11th arrondissement of Paris. He elected to
sit for Paris, and was repeatedly re-elected. During the elections
of 1893 he was shot at by a cab-driver poet named Moore, but
was not seriously injured. For the first ten years of his parliamentary
life he voted consistently with the extreme left, but
then adopted a more opportunist policy, and gave his unreserved
support to the Brisson ministry of 1885. In the new Freycinet
cabinet formed in January he held the portfolio of commerce
and industry, which he retained in the Goblet ministry of 1886–1887.
In 1885 he had been returned at the head of the poll for
Paris, and his inclusion in the Freycinet ministry was taken
to indicate a prospect of reconciliation between Parisian Radicalism
and official Republicanism. During his tenure of the
portfolio of commerce and industry he made the preliminary
arrangements for the Exposition of 1889, and in a witty letter
