he defended the erection of the Tour Eiffel against artistic Paris. After the Panama and Boulangist scandals he became one of the leading politicians of the Radical party. He was vice-president of the Chamber in 1894 and in 1895, when he became minister of marine under Léon Bourgeois. His drastic measures of reform alarmed moderate politicians, but he had the confidence of the country, and held the same portfolio under Henri Brisson (1898) and Charles Dupuy (1898–1899). He gave his support to the Waldeck-Rousseau Administration, but actively criticized the marine policy of Camille Pelletan in the Combes ministry of 1902–1905, during which period he was again vice-president of the Chamber. M. Lockroy was a persistent and successful advocate of a strong naval policy, in defence of which he published La Marine de Guerre (1890), Six mois rue Royale (1897), La Défense navale (1900), Du Weser à la Vistula (1901), Les Marines française et allemande (1904), Le Programme naval (1906). His other works include M. de Moltke et la guerre future (1891) and Journal d’une bourgeoise pendant la Révolution (1881) derived from the letters of his great-grandmother. M. Lockroy married in 1877 Madame Charles Hugo, the daughter-in-law of the poet.
LOCKWOOD, SIR FRANK (1846–1897), English lawyer, was
born at Doncaster. His grandfather and great-grandfather
were mayors of Doncaster, and the former for some years filled
the office of judge on the racecourse. He was educated at a
private school, at Manchester grammar school, and Caius College,
Cambridge. Called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1872, he
joined the old midland circuit, afterwards going to the north-eastern,
making in his first year 120 guineas and in the next
265 guineas. From that time he had a career of uninterrupted
success. In 1882 he was made a queen’s counsel, in 1884 he was
made recorder of Sheffield, and in 1894 he became solicitor-general
in Lord Rosebery’s ministry, and was knighted, having
first entered parliament as Liberal member for York in 1885,
after two unsuccessful attempts, the one at King’s Lynn in 1880,
the other at York in 1883. He was solicitor-general for less
than a year. In 1896 Lord Chief Justice Coleridge, Mr Montague
Crackanthorpe and Sir Frank Lockwood went to the United
States to attend, as specially invited representatives of the
English bar, the nineteenth meeting of the American Bar Association.
On this trip Sir Frank Lockwood sustained the reputation
which he enjoyed in England as a humorous after-dinner
speaker, and helped to strengthen the bond of friendship which
unites the bench and bar of the United States with the bench
and bar of England. He died in London on the 18th of December
1897. Lockwood had considerable talent for drawing, inherited
from his father, which he employed, chiefly for the amusement
of himself and his friends, in the making of admirable caricatures
in pen and ink, and of sketches of humorous incidents, real or
imaginary, relating to the topic nearest at hand. An exhibition
of them was held soon after his death.
See Augustine Birrell’s biography of Lockwood and The Frank Lockwood Sketch-Book (1898).
LOCKWOOD, WILTON (1861–), American artist, was
born at Wilton, Connecticut, on the 12th of September 1861.
He was a pupil and an assistant of John La Farge, and also
studied in Paris, becoming a well-known portrait and flower
painter. He became a member of the Society of American
Artists (1898), and of the Copley Society, Boston, and an associate
of the National Academy of Design, New York.
LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN (1836–), English
astronomer, was born at Rugby on the 17th of May 1836. After
completing his education on the Continent of Europe, he obtained
a clerkship in the War Office in 1857. His leisure was devoted to
the study of astronomy, and he was appointed in 1870 secretary
to the duke of Devonshire’s royal commission on science. In
1875 he was transferred to the Science and Art Department at
South Kensington, and on the foundation of the Royal College
of Science he became director of the solar physics observatory and
professor of astronomical physics. Eight British government
expeditions for observing total solar eclipses were conducted
by him between 1870 and 1905. On the 26th of October 1868
he communicated to the Paris Academy of Sciences, almost
simultaneously with Dr P. J. C. Janssen, a spectroscopic method
for observing the solar prominences in daylight, and the names
of both astronomers appear on a medal which was struck by the
French government in 1872 to commemorate the discovery.
Lockyer was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1869, and
received the Rumford medal in 1874. He initiated in 1866
the spectroscopic observation of sunspots; applied Doppler’s
principle in 1869 to determine the radial velocities of the chromospheric
gases; and successfully investigated the chemistry of the
sun from 1872 onward. Besides numerous contributions to the
Proceedings of the Royal and the Royal Astronomical Societies,
he published several books, both explanatory and speculative.
The Chemistry of the Sun (1887) is an elaborate treatise on solar
spectroscopy based on the hypothesis of elemental dissociation
through the intensity of solar heat. The Meteoritic Hypothesis
(1890) propounds a comprehensive scheme of cosmical evolution,
which has evoked more dissent than approval, while the Sun’s
Place in Nature (1897) lays down the lines of a classification
of the stars, depending upon their supposed temperature-relations.
Among Lockyer’s other works are—The Dawn of
Astronomy (1894), to which Stonehenge and other British Stone
Monuments astronomically considered (1906) may be considered
a sequel; Recent and coming Eclipses (1897); and Inorganic
Evolution (1900). He was created K.C.B. in 1897, and acted as
president of the British Association in 1903–1904. His fifth son,
William James Stewart Lockyer (b. 1868), devoted himself to
solar research, and became chief assistant in the Solar Physics
Observatory, South Kensington.
LOCLE, LE, a town in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel, 24 m.
by rail N. of Neuchâtel, and 5 m. S.W. of La Chaux de Fonds.
It is built (3035 ft. above the sea-level) on the Bied stream in a
valley of the Jura, and is about 1 m. from the French frontier.
In 1681 Daniel Jean Richard introduced watch-making here,
which soon drove out all other industries. In 1900 the population
was 12,559, mainly Protestants and French-speaking. The
church tower dates from 1521, but the old town was destroyed
by fire in 1833. The valley in which the town is situated used to
be subject to inundations, but in 1805 a tunnel was constructed
by means of which the surplus waters of the Bied are carried into
the Doubs. About 1 m. W. of the town the Bied plunged into a
deep chasm, on the steep rock face of which were formerly the
subterranean mills of the Col des Roches, situated one above
another; but the stream is now diverted by the above-mentioned
tunnel, while another serves the railway line from Le Locle to
Morteau in France (8 m.).
(W. A. B. C.)
LOCMARIAQUER, a village of western France, on the W.
shore of the Gulf of Morbihan, in the department of Morbihan,
812 m. S. of Auray by road. Pop. (1906) 756. Locmariaquer
has a small port, and oyster culture is carried on close to it.
Roman remains are to be seen, but the place owes its celebrity
to the megalithic monuments in the vicinity, some of which are
among the largest extant. The menhir of Men-er-Hʽroeck
(Fairy stone), which was broken into four pieces by lightning in
the 18th century, previously measured about 67 ft. in height,
and from 9 to 13 ft. in thickness.
LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA (Gr. ἀ, priv., and τάξις, order;
synonyms, Tabes dorsalis, posterior spinal sclerosis), a progressive
degeneration of the nervous system, involving the posterior
columns of the spinal cord with other structures, and causing
muscular incoordination and disorder of gait and station.
The essential symptoms of the disease—stamping gait, and swaying
with the eyes shut, the occurrence of blindness and of small
fixed pupils—were recognized by Romberg (1851), but it was the
clinical genius of Duchenne and his masterly description of the
symptoms which led to its acceptance as a definite disease (1858),
and he named it locomotor ataxia after its most striking symptom.
In 1869 Argyll Robertson discovered that the eye-pupil is inactive
to light but acts upon accommodation in the great majority
of cases. This most important sign is named the “Argyll
Robertson pupil.” With an ever-increasing knowledge of the
widespread character of this disease and its manifold variations
