the controversy excited by Photius (q.v.); and having become an archdeacon and a bishop, he also negotiated on behalf of pope John VIII. with the emperor Charles the Fat. About the end of December 882 he succeeded John VIII. as pope, but his election did not pass unchallenged either in eastern or in western Europe. However, having secured his position, Marinus restored Formosus, cardinal-bishop of Porto, and anathematized Photius. This pope was on friendly terms with the English king, Alfred the Great. He died in May 884, and was succeeded by Adrian III.
Marinus II., sometimes called Martin III., pope from 942 to 946, was merely the puppet of Alberic (d. 954), prince and senator of the Romans. He died in May 946, and was succeeded by Agapetus II.
MARINUS, neo-Platonist philosopher, was born in Palestine
and was early converted to the old Greek religion. He came to
Athens at a time when, with the exception of Proclus, there was
a great dearth of eminent men in the neo-Platonic school. It
was for this reason rather than for any striking ability of his
own that he succeeded to the headship of the school on the
death of Proclus. During this period the professors of the old
Greek religion suffered severe persecution at the hands of the
Christians and Marinus was compelled to seek refuge at
Epidaurus. His chief work was a biography of Proclus, which
is extant. It was first published with the works of Marcus
Antoninus in 1559; it was republished separately by Fabricius
at Hamburg in 1700, and re-edited in 1814 by Boissonade with
emendations and notes. Other philosophical works are attributed
to him, including commentaries on Aristotle and on the
Philebus. It is said that he destroyed the latter because Isidore,
his successor, expressed disapproval of it.
MARINUS OF TYRE, geographer and mathematician, the
founder of mathematical geography, flourished in the 2nd century
A.D. He lived before Ptolemy, who acknowledges his great
obligations to him. His chief merits were that he assigned to
each place its proper latitude and longitude, and introduced
improvements in the construction of his maps. He also carefully
studied the works of his predecessors and the diaries of
travellers. His geographical treatise is lost.
See A. Forbiger, Handbuch der alten Geographie, vol. i. (1842); E. H. Bunbury, Hist. of Ancient Geography (1879), ii. p. 519; and especially E. H. Berger, Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Erdkunde der Griechen (1903).
MARIO, GIUSEPPE, Count of Candia (1810–1883), Italian singer, the most famous tenor of the 19th century, son of General di Candia, was born at Cagliari in 1810. His career as a singer was the result of accidental circumstances. While serving as an officer in the Sardinian army he was imprisoned at Cagliari for some trifling offence. When his period of confinement was over, he resigned his commission. His resignation was refused, and he fled to Paris. There his success as an amateur vocalist produced an offer of an engagement at the Opera. He studied singing for two years under M. Ponchard and Signor Bordogni, and made his début in 1838 as the hero of Meyerheer’s Robert le Diable. His success was immediate and complete, but he did not stay long at the Opera. In 1839 he joined the company of the Théâtre Italien, which then included Malibran, Sontag, Persiani and Grisi, Rubini, Tamburini and Lablache. His first appearance here was made in the character of Nemorino in Donizetti’s Elisir d’Amore. He sang in London for the first time in the same year. His success in Italian opera far surpassed that which he had won in French, and in a short time he acquired a European reputation. He had a handsome face and a graceful figure, and his voice, though less powerful than that of Rubini or that of Tamberlik, had a velvety softness and richness which have never been equalled. Experience gave him ease as an actor, but he never excelled in tragic parts. He was an ideal stage lover, and he retained the grace and charm of youth long after his voice had begun to show signs of decay. He created very few new parts, that of Ernesto in Don Pasquale (1843) being perhaps the only one deserving of mention. Among the most successful of his other parts were Otello in Rossini’s opera of that name, Gennaro in Lucrezia Borgia, Alamviva in Il Barbiere di Siviglia, Fernando in La Favorita, and Manrico in Il Trovatore. Mario made occasional appearances in oratorio singing at the Birmingham Festival of 1849 and at the Hereford Festival of 1855, and undertook various concert tours in the United Kingdom, but his name is principally associated with triumphs in the theatre. In 1856 he married Giulia Grisi, the famous soprano, by whom he had five daughters. Mario bade farewell to the stage in 1871. He died at Rome in reduced circumstances on the 11th of December 1883.
MARION, FRANCIS (1732–1795), American soldier, was
born in 1732, probably at Winyah, near Georgetown, South
Carolina, of Huguenot ancestry. In 1759 he settled on Pond
Bluff plantation near Eutaw Springs, in St John’s parish,
Berkeley county. In 1761 he served as a lieutenant under
William Moultrie in a campaign against the Cherokees. In 1775
he was a member of the South Carolina Provincial Congress; and
on the 21st of June was commissioned captain in the 2nd South
Carolina regiment under W. Moultrie, with whom he served in
June 1776 in the defence of Fort Sullivan (Fort Moultrie), in
Charleston Harbor. In September 1776 the Continental Congress
commissioned him a lieutenant-colonel. In the autumn of 1779 he
took part in the siege of Savannah, and early in 1780, under
General Benjamin Lincoln, was engaged in drilling militia.
After the capture of Charleston (May 12, 1780) and the defeats of
General Isaac Huger at Monk’s Corner (Berkeley county, South
Carolina) and Lieut.-Colonel Abraham Buford at the Waxhaws
(near the North Carolina line, in what is now Lancaster county),
Marion organized a small troop—which usually consisted of
between 20 and 70 men—the only force then opposing the
British in the state. Governor John Rutledge made him a
brigadier-general of state troops, and in August 1780 Marion
took command of the scanty militia, ill equipped and ill fed.
With this force he was identified for almost all the remainder of
the war in a partisan warfare in which he showed himself a
singularly able leader of irregular troops. On the 20th of August
he captured 150 Maryland prisoners, and about a score of their
British guard; and in September and October repeatedly surprised
larger bodies of Loyalists or British regulars. Colonel
Banastre Tarleton, sent out to capture him, despaired of finding
the “old swamp fox,” who eluded him by following swamp paths.
When General Nathanael Greene took command in the south,
Marion and Colonel Henry Lee were ordered in January 1781 to
attack Georgetown, but they were unsuccessful. In April,
however, they took Fort Watson and in May Fort Motte, and
they succeeded in breaking communications between the British
posts in the Carolinas. On the 31st of August Marion rescued
a small American force hemmed in by Major C. Fraser with 500
British; and for this he received the thanks of Congress. He
commanded the right wing under General Greene at Eutaw
Springs. In 1782, during his absence as state senator at Jacksonborough,
his brigade deteriorated and there was a conspiracy
to turn him over to the British. In June of the same year he
put down a Loyalist uprising on the banks of the Pedee river;
and in August he left his brigade and returned to his plantation.
He served several terms in the state Senate, and in 1784, in recognition
of his services, was made commander of Fort Johnson,
practically a courtesy title with a salary of £500 per annum.
He died on his estate on the 27th of February 1795. Marion
was small, slight and sickly-looking. As a soldier he was quick,
watchful, resourceful and calm, the greatest of partisan leaders
in the bitter struggle in the Carolinas.
See the Life (New York, 1844) by W. G. Simms; Edward McCrady, South Carolina in the Revolution (New York, 1901–1902); and a careful study of Marion’s ancestry and early life by “R. Y.” in vols. i. and ii. of the Southern and Western Monthly Magazine and Review (Charleston, 1845).
MARION, HENRI FRANÇOIS (1846–1896), French philosopher and educationalist, was born at Saint-Parize-en-Viry (Nièvre) on the 9th of September 1846. He studied at Nevers, and at the École Normale, where he graduated in 1868. After occupying several minor positions, he returned to Paris in 1875 as professor
