construction of Krupp’s complete table is based on very simple rules. Thus, for the same relative length of gun, the weight of the projectile and of the charge are, with few exceptions, in proportion to the cube of the calibre. Again, the weight of the gun varies as the cube of the calibre multiplied by the length. The muzzle velocity is practically identical for guns of the same relative length, and varies as the square root of the length; consequently the muzzle energy varies directly as the length. Two weights of projectile are given for every gun, but the muzzle energy of each, for the same charge, is identical; this result is never the case in actual practice. Similar arithmetical processes are utilized for the Schneider-Canet, Bofors and Skoda tables, and only the first named is therefore given.
| Official Designation of Gun. |
Calibre. | Weight of Gun. |
Weight of Charge. |
Weight of Projectile. |
Muzzle Velocity. |
Muzzle Energy. |
Perforation of Wrought Iron. |
Rate of firing Rounds. |
Propellant. |
| In. | Tons. | ℔. | ℔. | Ft.-Secs. | Ft.-Tons. | In. | Per Minute. | ||
| 305 mm. | 12·01 | 57·6 | .. | 826 | 3116 | 55,717 | 54·8 | ||
| 274·4 ,, | 10·9 | 41·9 | .. | 606 | 3116 | 40,859 | 49·1 | ||
| 240 ,, | 9·45 | 28·0 | .. | 407 | 3116 | 27,487 | 43·2 | ||
| 200 ,, | 7·87 | 16·25 | .. | 231 | 3116 | 15,601 | 35·9 | ||
| 175 ,, | 6·89 | 10·8 | .. | 165 | 3116 | 11,143 | 32·1 | ||
| 150 ,, | 5·91 | 6·8 | .. | 99 | 3116 | 6,686 | 27·0 | ||
| 120 ,, | 4·72 | 3·5 | .. | 48 | 3116 | 3,268 | 21·0 | ||
| 100 ,, | 3·94 | 2·0 | .. | 28·6 | 3116 | 1,931 | 17·8 | ||
| 75 ,, | 2·95 | 1·2 | .. | 14·3 | 3116 | 917 | 14·6 | ||
| 57 ,, | 2·24 | ·55 | .. | 6·0 | 3116 | 400 | 10·7 | ||
| 47 ,, | 1·85 | ·30 | .. | 3·3 | 3116 | 223 | 8·9 |
Note. — The unabridged table gives only 45 and 50 calibre guns; the above table gives the particulars for 50 calibre guns.
| Official Designation of Gun. |
Calibre. | Weight of Gun. |
Weight of Charge. |
Weight of Projectile. |
Muzzle Velocity. |
Muzzle Energy. |
Perforation of Wrought Iron. |
Rate of firing Rounds. |
Propellant. |
| In. | Tons. | ℔. | ℔. | Ft.-Secs. | Ft.-Tons. | In. | Per Minute. | ||
| 18 in. | 18 | 60 | .. | 2000 | 2250 | 70,185 | 42·7 | ||
| 12 ,, | 12 | 53 | .. | 850 | 2800 | 46,195 | 47·4 | ||
| 10 ,, | 10 | 35 | .. | 500 | 2800 | 27,174 | 39·8 | ||
| 8 | 8 | 18·6 | .. | 250 | 2800 | 13,587 | 31·5 | ||
| 7 ,, | 7 | 14·5 | .. | 165 | 2900 | 9,619 | 28·82 | ||
| 6 ,, | 6 | 8·4 | .. | 105 | 2900 | 6,180 | 24·9 | ||
| 5 ,, | 5 | 4·75 | .. | 60 | 2900 | 3,490 | 20·5 | ||
| 4·724 ,, | 4·724 | 4·2 | .. | 45 | 2900 | 2,623 | 18·3 | ||
| 4 ,, | 4 | 2·6 | .. | 33 | 2900 | 1,924 | 17·0 | ||
| 3 ,, | 3 | ·85 | .. | 13 | 2800 | 707 | 11·7 | ||
| 2·24 ,, | 2·24 | ·43 | .. | 6 | 2400 | 240 | 7·3 | ||
| 1·85 ,, | 1·85 | ·245 | .. | 3 | 2600 | 142 | 6·4 |
Note.—The most powerful gun of each calibre has been selected.
Modern naval artillery may be looked upon as the high water
mark of gun construction, and keeps pace with the latest
scientific improvements. For coast defence the latest pattern
of ordnance is not of the same importance; in general very
similar guns are employed, although perhaps of an older type.
Formerly in the British Service the heaviest guns have been
used for this purpose; but of late years, where fortifications
could be erected in suitable situations, the largest gun favoured
is the 9·2-in. of the latest model. Other governments have,
however, selected still heavier pieces up to 12-in. calibre, mounted
in heavily armoured cupolas or gunhouses.
As regards field material, mobility is still one of the primary conditions, and, as high power is seldom required, ordnance of medium calibre is all that is necessary. For siege purposes guns of 4-in. to 6-in. calibre are generally sufficient, but howitzers up to 28 cm. (11·02 in.) were used at the siege of Port Arthur, 1904. All authorities seem agreed that for ordinary field guns 75 mm. or 3-in. calibre is the smallest which can be efficiently employed for the purpose, and the muzzle velocity is in nearly all equipments about 500 m.s. (1640 f.s.).
For mountain equipments all foreign governments have selected a 75-millimetre gun with a velocity of about 350 m.s. (1148 f.s.); in England, however, a 2·75-in. has been supplied to mountain batteries; this fires a projectile of with 1440 f.s.
Field Howitzer batteries abroad have pieces of from 10 to 12 centimetres calibre and a low velocity; in England a 5-in. howitzer is at present used, but it is intended to adopt a 4·5-in. howitzer of 17 calibres in length for future manufacture.
Heavy shell power and long range fighting render the work of the gun designer particularly difficult, especially when this is combined with conditions restricting length and weight; and, in addition, other considerations, especially for naval guns, may have to be taken into account such as the allowable weight of the armament, Theory of gun-making. and the size of the gun house or turret. These and other similar conditions are important factors in deciding on the type of design which embodies most advantages for a heavy gun intended for the main armament. For land defence more latitude is allowed so long as this is combined with economy. With both heavy and medium naval guns the length is often limited to 45 calibres on account of peculiarities in the design of the vessel, but usually great rapidity of fire, high velocity and large shell power are insisted upon. Again for Q.F. field guns, where high velocity is not of importance, ease of manipulation, rapidity of working and reliability even after months of arduous service are essential. Supposing, However, that the initial conditions, imposed by the shipbuilder or by the exigency of the case, can be fulfilled, it still remains to so design the gun that, when it is fired, there is an ample margin of safety to meet the various stresses to which the several portions of the structure are subject. The two principal stresses requiring special attention are the circumferential stress, which tends to burst open the gun longitudinally, and the longitudinal stress. The calculation for the last named is based on the supposition that the gun is a hollow cylinder, closed at one end by the breech screw and at the other by the shot, both being firmly fixed to the cylinder. The gas pressure exerts its force on the face of the breech screw and on the base of the shot thus tending to pull the walls of the cylinder asunder. But besides these there is the special stress on the threads of the breech screw which must receive very careful consideration.
Regard must also be had to the fact that in building up the gun, the smaller the diameter of the hoop and the longer it is, the higher must be the temperature to which it is heated before shrinking. This is necessary in order that the dilatation may allow sufficient clearance to place the hoop correctly in position on the gun, without the possibility of its contracting and gripping before being so placed. Should it warp while being heated or while
