Communications.—Good roads have been built connecting the coast towns with the principal places in the interior. A railway about 20 m. long connects Lome with Little Popo. From Lome another railway 76 m. long runs north-west to Agome-Palime near Misahöhe. There are telegraph and telephone lines between Lome and Little Popo, and both places are in telegraphic communication with the Gold Coast and Dahomey, and thus with the international cable system. There is direct steamship communication between Togoland and Hamburg, and the steamers of three French and two English lines call at Togoland ports.
Government, &c.—The colony is administered by a governor who is advised by a nominated council of unofficial members. Revenue is derived principally from customs duties, direct taxation being light. In 1907–1908 revenue and expenditure balanced at £103,000. A judicial system has been instituted to which natives as well as Europeans are amenable. The government maintains schools at all the coast towns. Various missionary societies have also established schools. In 1909 some 10,000 native children were receiving instruction.
History.—Before its annexation by Germany the lagoons were a favourite resort of slavers, and stations were established there by Portuguese, British, French and German traders. The coast natives were dependent on the rulers of Dahomey or Porto Novo. Little Popo and Togo were capitals of small independent kingdoms. Little Popo is said to have been founded in the 17th century by refugees from Accra, who were driven out by the Akwamu. At the time that “the scramble for Africa” began, the narrow strip of coast over which the king of Togo ruled was the sole district between the Gambia and the Niger to which Great Britain, France or some other civilized power had not a claim. At Togo Bremen merchants had trading stations, and taking advantage of this fact Dr Gustav Nachtigal, German imperial commissioner, induced the king of Togo (July 5, 1884) to place his country under German suzerainty. The claims made by Germany to large areas of the hinterland gave rise to considerable negotiation with France and Great Britain, and it was not until 1899 that the frontiers were fixed on all sides (see Africa, § 5). Meantime the development of the coast region had been taken in hand. On the whole the history of the colony has been one of peaceful progress, interrupted now and again, as in 1903, by severe droughts. At stated intervals the native chiefs are summoned to Lome to discuss administrative matters with the government.
See H. Klose, Togo unter deutscher Flagge (Berlin, 1899), a comprehensive survey, with bibliography; N. Seidel, Die Küste und das Vorland der Togocolonie (Berlin, 1897), and Die Ewhesprache in Togo (Heidelberg, 1906); Schönhärt, Volkstümliches aus Togo (Dresden, 1909); R. Büttner, Die Forschungsstation Bismarckburg und Adeli (1894); Das deutsche Schutzgebiet Togo (Bremen, 1891); L. Von Ammon, “Zur Geologie von Togo und vom Nigerlande” in Mitteil. der geog. Gesell. in München (1905); Klose, “Religiöse Anschauungen und Menschenopfer in Togo” in Globus 1902; P. Sprigade, Karte von Togo, scale 1:200,000, 12 sheets, also in 2 sheets on the scale 1:500,000 (Berlin, 1902–1907).
TOILET, the process or operation of dressing, also dress and its appurtenances, also applied, especially in the French form “toilette,” to a particular costume worn by a lady. The word is adapted from French toilette, a diminutive of toile, cloth, Latin tela, web, woven cloth, from root of texere, to weave; this word survives in the English “toils,” net, snare.[1] The earliest use of “toilet” and toilette is for a cloth, usually of linen or other fine material spread over a table when used to hold the looking-glass and all the other articles used in dressing, or for a small sheet or cloth thrown over the shoulders of a person while being shaved or having his or her hair dressed. It was thus applied especially to the various articles collectively which form the apparatus of a toilet-table or dressing-table. Dressing-tables or toilettes were articles of domestic furniture on which the 18th century cabinet makers and ébenistes of France lavished their decorative art. The escritoire and toilette combined which belonged to Marie Antoinette is in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington (see Furniture, Plate IV., fig. 4).
TOKAJ (or Tokay), a town of Hungary, in the county of Zemplén, 148 m. E.N.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 5104. It is situated at the confluence of the Bodrog with the Theiss, and gives its name to the famous Tokay wine. Tokaj lies at the foot of the Hegyalja Mountains, which stretch to the north and north-west of the town, between the rivers Hernad and Bodrog, for a distance of about 60 m. as far north as Eperjes. The northern part of the range is also called Sóvar Mountains. These mountains, which have in the northern part an altitude of 2700 ft., slope down towards the south-east near Tokaj in a hilly plateau of about 1500 ft. altitude, where the vineyard region is situated. This vineyard region covers an area of about 135 sq. m., and belongs to 21 adjoining communities. The soil is of volcanic origin (trachyte). The principal places where the wine is produced are Tarczal, Tálya, Mád, Liszka, Tokaj, Tolcsva, Saróspatak, Keresztur, and Zsadaný. The yearly production averages 5,000,000 gallons. It is believed that the vine was introduced into this region by colonists from Italy and Morea in 1241.
TOKAT (Armenian Evtoghia, anc. Dazimon) the chief town of a sanjak of the same name in the Sivas vilayet of Asia Minor. It is situated in the Sivas-Samsun chausée, altitude 2280 ft., at the mouth of a rocky glen which opens out to the broad valley of the Tozanli Su, a tributary of the Yeshil Irmak. It rose to importance under the Seljuks. Pop. about 30,000, two-thirds Mussulman. The industries are the manufacture of copper utensils and yellow leather, and the stamping of colours on white Manchester cotton. Near Tokat copper pyrites, with iron and manganese, kaolin and coal are found; but most of the copper worked here comes from the mines of Keban Maden and Arghana Maden, on the upper Euphrates and Tigris. (D. G. H.)
TOKELAU (or Union Islands), a group of three atolls in the Pacific Ocean, about 350 m. N.E. of Samoa, belonging to Britain. Atafu consists of 63 islets, Nukunau of 93 and Fakaafo of 62. They produce little but copra. The natives are all Christians, and in type and speech are akin to the Samoans. They number about 500.
TOKEN MONEY, the term employed originally to describe the counters or “tokens” issued by traders to meet the lack of small change. It has now been appropriated by economists and officials to denote the smaller currency that circulates at a nominal value higher than its cost. It is contrasted with “standard” money, and is limited in its amount by state authority. Its power of discharging debts is also limited: in England, e.g., silver is legal tender only up to 40s., copper to 12 pence. Various substances have been utilized for the manufacture of token coinage—silver at a lower degree of fineness, copper in different alloys, and nickel. The French term monnaie divisionnaire has much the same meaning; so has the German Scheidemünze. A currency, restricted in amount, but with full legal tender power—such as the Indian rupees and the French 5-franc pieces—is midway between token and standard money. Representative money also bears some analogy to token coinage. (See Money and Seigniorage.) (C. F. B.)
TOKUGAWA, the name of a Japanese family which provided the ruling dynasty of shōguns from 1603 until the revolution which restored the power of the mikado in 1867. The founder of this dynasty was Iyéyasu Tokugawa (1542–1616), a great general and consummate politician, who was connected by descent with the Minamoto clan. The most famous of the subsequent shōguns was his grandson Iyemitsu (from 1623 to 1650. (See Japan: History.)
TŌKYŌ (or Tōkiō, formerly called Yedo), the capital of the empire of Japan, situated in 35° 41′ N. and 139° 45′ E., at the head of the bay of the same name on the south-east coast of the main island. The city stands on the banks of the river Sumida, which, although pretty wide, is unnavigable by vessels of large tonnage owing to its shallowness. Yokohama, with which Tōkyō is connected by 18 m. of railway, is practically the port of the capital. Tōkyō is the centre from which several railways radiate. The trains of the Tokai-do line, starting from
- ↑ “Toil,” labour, fatigue, weariness, must of course be distinguished. The M. Eng. toilen appears to mean to pull, struggle, and is probably related to Scots toilyie, broil, and to Fr. touiller, to entangle, shuffle together, smear. It is, however, usually referred to “till,” to cultivate, O. Eng. tiolian, from til, profitable, cf. Ger. Ziel, goal.
