had considerable literary culture, and was proud to claim descent from the historian, whose works he caused to be transcribed at the public expense and placed in the public libraries. Tacitus possessed many admirable qualities, but his gentle character and advanced age unfitted him for the throne in such lawless times.
See Life by Vopiscus in Historiae Augustae Scriptores; also Eutropius, ix. 10; Aurelius Victor, Caesares, 36; Zonaras xii. 28; H. Schiller, Geschichte der römischen Kaiserzeit, i. 1883; Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie, iii. 2871 ff.
TACNA, a northern province of Chile, in dispute with Peru
from 1893 onwards, bounded N. by Peru, E. by Bolivia, S. by
Tarapaca, and W. by the Pacific. Area, 9251 sq. m. Pop.
(1895) 24,160. It belongs to the desert region of the Pacific
coast, and is valuable because of its deposits of nitrate of soda
and some undeveloped mineral resources. There are a few
fertile spots near the mountains, where mountain streams afford
irrigation and potable water, and support small populations,
but in general Tacna is occupied for mining purposes only.
None of its streams crosses the entire width of the province;
they are all lost in its desert sands. The climate is hot, and
earthquakes are frequent and sometimes violent. There is
one railway in the province, running from the city of Tacna to
Arica (q.v.), and in 1910 another from Arica to La Paz, Bolivia,
was under construction by the Chilean government. The province
consists of two departments, Tacna and Arica, which
once formed part of the Peruvian department of Moquegua. Its
capital is Tacna (pop. 1895, 9418; 1902, estimated 11,504),
a small inland town 48 m. by rail from Arica, in a fertile valley
among the foothills of the Andes. Existence is made possible in
this oasis by a small mountain stream, also called Tacna, which
supports a scanty vegetation. The town owes its existence to
the Bolivian trade from La Paz and Oruro, and is the residence
of a number of foreign merchants. Tacna was captured by a
Chilean force under General Baquedano on the 27th of May 1880.
At the close of the war between Chile and Peru (1879–1883), the terms of the treaty of Ancon (signed by representatives of the two countries on the 20th of October 1883) were practically dictated by Chile, and by one of the provisions the Peruvian provinces of Tacna and Arica were to be occupied and exploited by Chile for a period of ten years, when a plebiscite should be taken of their inhabitants to determine whether they would remain with Chile or return to Peru, the country acquiring the two provinces in this manner to pay the other $10,000,000. At the termination of the period Peru wished the plebiscite to be left to the original population, while Chile wanted it to include the large number of Chilean labourers sent into the province. Chile refused to submit the dispute to arbitration, and it remained unsettled. Meanwhile Chile expelled the Peruvian priests, and treated the province more like a conquered territory than a temporary pledge.
TACOMA, a city and sub-port of entry, and the county-seat
of Pierce county, Washington, U.S.A., on Commencement Bay
of Puget Sound, at the mouth of Puyallup river, about 80 m.
from the Pacific coast, and about 23 m. S.S.W. of Seattle.
Pop. (1890) 36,006; (1900) 37,714, of whom 11,032 were foreign-born
(including 1603 Swedes, 1534 English-Canadians, 1474
Norwegians, 1424 Germans, and 1323 English; (1910, U.S.
census) 83,743. Tacoma is served by the Northern Pacific,
the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound, and the Tacoma
Eastern railways; the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railway
operates through trains to and from Missouri river points and
Tacoma, over the Northern Pacific tracks, which are also used
by the Great Northern and Oregon & Washington railways.
There is electric railway connexion with Seattle. Tacoma is
the starting-point of steamship lines to Alaska, to San Francisco,
and to Seattle, Port Townsend, Olympia, Victoria, and other
ports on Puget Sound. There are trans-oceanic lines to Japan
and China, to the Philippines and Hawaii, and to London,
Liverpool and Glasgow, by way of the Suez Canal. The city
is situated on an excellent harbour and has 25 m. of waterfront.
From the tidelands the city site slopes gradually to a plateau
about 300 ft. high, commanding fine views of Puget Sound and
its wooded islands, and parts of the Cascade and Olympic ranges.
Tacoma is the seat of Whitworth College (1890, Presbyterian),
the University of Puget Sound (1903, Methodist Episcopal),
the Annie Wright Seminary (1884), a boarding and day school
for girls, and the Pacific Lutheran Academy and Business
College. The Tacoma High School has an excellent stadium
for athletic contests, seating 25,000. The city has a Carnegie
library (1899), with about 51,000 volumes. Among other
public buildings are the court house, the city hall, in which are
the rooms of the State Historical Society (organized, 1891;
incorporated, 1897); the Federal Building; an armoury; the
Chamber of Commerce, and several fine churches. The Ferry
Museum, founded by Clinton P. Ferry, has interesting historical
and ethnological collections. In 1910 the city had seven public
parks (1120 acres), including Point Defiance, a thickly wooded
park (about 640 acres), and, in the centre of the city, Wright
Park, in which is the Seymour Conservatory. Tacoma is a
sub-port of entry in the Puget Sound Customs district (of which
Port Townsend is the official port), which is second only to San
Francisco on the Pacific coast in the volume of foreign trade.
The city has a large jobbing trade, a coal supply from rich
deposits in Pierce county, and abundant water-power from swift
mountain streams, which is used for generating electricity for
municipal and industrial use. In 1900 and in 1905 Tacoma
ranked second among the cities of the state in the value of
factory products. Lead smelting and refining (by one establishment)
was the most important industry in 1905; lumber, timber
and planing mill products, valued at $3,407,951, were produced
in that year, and flour and grist mill products, valued at
$2,293,587. Other important manufactures were furniture,
ships and boats, railway cars (the Chicago, Milwaukee &
Puget Sound and the Northern Pacific systems having shops
here), engines, machinery, shoes, water pipes, preserves and
beer. In 1905 the total value of the factory products was
$12,501,816, an increase of 121.4% since 1900. The assessed
property valuation of the city in 1909 was $54,226,261, being
about 42% of the actual valuation.
The site of Tacoma was visited by Captain George Vancouver in 1792; Commencement Bay was surveyed for the United States government by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes in 1841, and the present city was founded by General Morton Matthew McCarver in 1868 and was at first called Commencement City. That name was soon changed to Tacoma, said to be a corruption of Ta-ho-ma or Ta-ho-bet, Indian terms meaning “greatest white peak,” the name of the peak (14,526 ft.), also called Mt. Rainier, about 50 m. S.E. of the city. General McCarver's original plat included what is now the first ward of the city, and is called the Old Town. In 1873 the Northern Pacific railway (completed in 1887) established its terminal on Commencement Bay, and named it New Tacoma. A town government was formed in 1874, the place became the county-seat in 1880, and in 1883 the two “towns” were consolidated and incorporated as a city under the name Tacoma. In 1909 a new city charter was adopted under which the city government is vested in five commissioners (one of whom acts as mayor), each in charge of a city department.
TACTICS (Gr. τακτική, sc. τέχνη, from τάσσειν, to arrange in order of battle).[1] It may perhaps seem superfluous at the present time to emphasize the distinction *between strategy and tactics. Moreover, definitions are rarely quite satisfactory, for they can seldom be perfectly clear and at the same time perfectly comprehensive. Yet, since it is necessary that the parties to any discussion should have some common starting point, it will be as well to begin by stating exactly what is meant to be included under the heading of this article.
Strategy (q.v.) is the art of bringing the enemy to battle on terms disadvantageous to him. Combined, or to use the phraseology of the Napoleonic era, “grand” tactics are the
- ↑ Unlike the French tactique, the German Taktik, and indeed all other forms, the English word is invariably treated as a plural noun.
