textile goods. The House had proposed to remove also the duties on coal and on iron ore, but the Senate permitted only a reduction in these. A duty was reimposed on sugar, chiefly as a means of securing needed revenue, but at a less rate than had existed before 1890. At the same time the differential duty on refined sugar, which operated as protection to the sugar trust, was not abolished, as the ardent tariff reformers had proposed, but kept in substance not greatly changed. This circumstance, as well as the failure to make other desired reductions, caused the ardent tariff reformers to be greatly disappointed with the act of 1894 as finally passed, and led President Cleveland to permit it to become law without its endorsement by his signature. The next election in 1896 brought still another turn in the political wheel, the Republicans being once more brought into power under the leadership of President McKinley. The currency issue had been foremost in the campaign, but the Republicans had also proclaimed themselves in favour of a return to the unqualified protective system. At the extra session which President McKinley called in 1897, almost the sole measure considered was the tariff act, known (again from the name of the chairman of the House Committee) as the Dingley Act. This reimposed the tarHf^f d ut ' es upon wool, on most qualities at the precise rates 1897. °i 1890, on some qualities at even higher rates. Necessarily the duties on woollens were correspondingly raised, and here again made even higher than they had been in 1890. On other textiles, particularly on silks and linens, similar advances were made. As a rule, the duties of 1890 were either retained or somewhat advanced. To this policy, however, there was a significant exception in the iron and steel schedule, where the reduced duties of 1894 were left mainly unchanged. The iron industry in the United States had made extraordinary advances, and confessedly was not in need of greater protection than had been given in 1894. Some provisions for reciprocity arrangements with other countries, opening the way for possible reductions of duty by treaty arrangements, were also incorporated in the act of 1897, though with limitations which made it improbable that any considerable changes would ensue from this policy. Some such provisions had also been contained in the act of 1890, but here also without important results. The tariff system of the United States at the beginning of the 20th century thus remained rigidly and unqualifiedly protective, with rates higher than those of even the most restrictive tariffs of the countries of the European continent.
Authorities.—Ame\ £tude sur les tarifs de douane et sur les traites de commerce (Paris, 1876); P. Ashley, Modern Tariff History (London, 1904); W. J. Ashley, The Tariff Problem (London, 1904); Carl Ballod, Die deutsch-amerikanischen Handelsbeziehungen (Leipzig, 1901); C. F. Bastable, The Commerce of Nations (London, 1892); A. Beer, Osterreichisclte Handelspolitik im XIX. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1891); S. J. Chapman, History of Trade between the United Kingdom and the United States, with special reference to the Effect of Tariffs (London, 1899); G. B. Curtiss, Protection and Prosperity: an Account of Tariff Legislation and its Effect in Europe and America (1896); Sir C. Dilke, Problems of Greater Britain (London, 1890); Dowell, History of Taxes and Taxation in England; T. H. Farrer, The State in Relation to Trade (1883) ; G. M. Fisk, Die Handelspolitik der Vereinigten Staaten, 1890-1900: Schriften des Vereins fur Socialpolitik, XC. (Leipzig, 1900) ; Funck-Brentano and Dupuis, Les tarifs douaniers et les traitis de commerce (Paris, 1896); W. Lotz, Die Handelspolitik des Deutschen Reiches, 1890-1900 (Leipzig, 1901); H. Richelot, Le Zollverein (1859); J. W. Root, Colonial Tariffs (Liverpool, 1906); E. Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1903); F. W. Taussig, The Tariff History of the United States (New York, 1893); J. Wernicke, System der nationalen Schutzpoliiiknach aussen (Jena, 1896).
(F. W. T.)
TARIJA, or Tarixa, a department and town of south-eastern
Bolivia. The department lies on the northern frontier of
Argentina, and is bounded \V. by Potosi, N. by Chuquisaca,
and E. by Paraguay. Pop. (1900) 102,887. Area, 33,036
sq. m. The eastern and larger part of the department belongs
to the great Chaco region. The Chaco districts are inhabited
by small nomadic tribes of Indians, and the grassy Llanos de
Manzo by the Chiriguanos, one of the strong Indian nations
of South America. They are considered a branch of the
Guarany race, and live in permanent villages, breed horses,
cattle and sheep, and till the soil. Near the Argentine
frontier are the less civilized tribes of the Tobas, and in the
mountainous districts are remnants of the Quichuas, once
masters of an empire.
The capital, San Bernardo de Tarija (pop. 1900, 6980; 1906, estimate, 7817), is the only town of importance in the department. It is situated on the Rio Grande de Tarija, about 100 m. E. of Tupiza. It is about 5800 ft. above sea level and its climate is mild and healthy. The town was founded in 1577 by Luiz de Fuertcs, by orders of the Viceroy of Peru, as a military post to hold the Chiriguanos in check. About the same time the Jesuits established themselves here, and the most important building in the town is their convent, afterwards occupied by the Franciscans.
TARIM, the principal river of Chinese or Eastern Turkestan,
in the middle of Asia. It rises in two head-streams, (1) the
Kashgar-darya, which springs as the Kyzyl-su on the N. versant
of the Pamir plateau, not far from another Kyzyl-su or the
Vakhsh, which flows down the Alai valley. to join eventually
the Amu-darya, and (2) the Yarkand-darya, which gushes out
under the name of the Raskan-darya, on the N. slope of the
'Karakorum Mountains, just under the Karakorum pass. The
fo.Tner stream flows almost due E. past the city of Kashgar
until it joins the Yarkand or Yarkent-darya. The latter, after
skirting, in a deep gorge and in a north-western direction, the S.
foot of the Sughet Mountains and then of the Raskem Mountains,
both constituent members of the western Kuen-lun, forces
its way out into the lowlands of Eastern Turkestan and flows
N. past the city of Yarkand, then turns N.E. and traverses in a
gigantic arc the N.W., N., and E. margins of the vast desert of
Takla-makan. Of these two streams Dr Sven Hcdin concedes
the honour of being the mother river to the Yarkand-darya,
on the ground both of its length and of its volume; indeed for
some months in the year the Kashgar-darya, mainly owing to
the drain made upon it for irrigation purposes after it debouches
upon the lowlands, fails to get through to the Yarkand-darya,
whereas the Yarkand-darya, on the other hand, never dries up.
The Kashgar-darya enters the Yarkand-darya by a wide delta of anastomosing arms, beginning in the vicinity of Maral-bashi (39 49' N. and 78 33' E.). The conjoint river, bearing the name of the Yarkand-darya, flows for some 230 m. N.E. until it encounters the Ak-su-darya from the N. Along this part of its course the river is full of minor sinuosities, with a deep, narrow channel, a sluggish current, and high steep banks, bordered by forests of poplars and thickets of reeds. The Ak-su-darya, which rises at an altitude of 11,000 ft. as the Ak-sai near the S.W. extremity, but on the W. side, of the Kokshal-tau range of the Tian-shan Mountains, soon breaks through that range and proceeds to flow E.N.E. along its southern foot, but under the name of the Taushkan-darya, until it reaches the town of Ak-su in 80° 41' E. and 40° 28' N. Thence it flows S. and S.E. and effects a junction with the Yarkand-darya (Tarim) in about 81 ° E. The Ak-su, which is swift and brings down large quantities of sediment, infuses new vigour into the main river, giving it an impulse which carries it all the way down to the Kara-koshun.
About 20 m. farther down, the Yumalak-darya or Tarim, as the river then begins to be called, is joined on the right or S. by the Khotan-darya, a stream which rises in the N. ranges of the Kuen-lun Mountains, and fights its way across the all-engulfing sands of the desert of Takla-makan, but with such poor results that it is only about forty days in the year that it makes any contribution to the volume of the Tarim. Some 180 to 190 m. below the confluence of the Ak-su-darya, the river begins to come into direct conflict with the sand-dunes of the great desert, which it has thus far suc- cessfully skirted. At the same time it begins to waste its strength in filling marginal or lateral lakes, formed in the hollows between the big sand-dunes (they reach elevations of as much as 500 ft.).
In about 86° 30' E., near the station of Karaul, the nver begins to break up in deltaic fashion, and in a long secular process, using Karaul as a sort of pivot, appears to oscillate backwards and forwards like a pendulum from N. to S., and from S. back again to N. between the lake of Kara-koshun (N. M. Przhevalsky's Lop-nor) at the N. foot of the Astin-tagh (see Lop-nor), and the basin at the S. foot of the Kuruk-tagh (see Gobi), which Baron von Richthofcn and Dr Sven Hedin identify with the ancient Lop-nor of the old Chinese geographers. From Karaul down to Ayrilghan or Arghan, a distance of over 200 m., the Tarim skirts the N.E. front of the high sand-dunes of the great desert, spending itself in numerous marginal lakes all the way down, while on the opposite bank (left)
