it leaves numerous interlacing branches behind it, like the Kunchekish-tarim, Lashin-darya, Yatim-tarim, Ilek, and Tokuz-tarim. None of its marginal lakes is round in 'shape, but all are elongated, from N. to S. or from N.W. to S.E. This is the general rule, but there is a second series of lakes beside the river which are drawn out from N.E. to S.W. These owe their existence primarily to the action of the wind. Here too, in its delta, the Tarim overflows into more than one chain of a third category of lakes (e.g. Avullu- kol, Kara-kol, Tayek-kol, and Arka-kol), strung on one or other of its anastomosing deltaic arms. These generally act as regulators and clarifiers, the river emerging from them with crystal-bright water.
Near the head of its delta the Tarim is joined from the N. by the Koncheh-darya, a stream which issues from the lake of Bagrash-kul, its ultimate source being the Khaidu-gol or Khaidyk-gol, which drains the Yulduz valleys of the eastern Tian-shan Mountains. This river, which measures 290 m. from the Bagrash-kul to the Kara-koshun, serves, with the help of the poplar forest which grows along its left bank, as a dam to check the westward movement of the desert sands. Finally the Tarim enters, by a number of arms, the series of shallow, dwindling lakes of Kara-buran, which serve as a sort of lacustrine ante-room to the real terminal basin of the river, the Kara-koshun, which lies a little farther to the E., in 40 N., 89 30' E., at an altitude of 2675 feet above sea-level. In 1900-01 Dr Sven Hedin discovered several fresh desert lakes forming to the N. of Kara-koshun, and branches of the deltaic arms of the Tarim, or overflows of such branches, straining out in the same direction, facts which he interpreted as a tendency of the river to revert to its former more northerly terminal basin of the old (Chinese) Lop-nor.
The river not only dwindles vastly between the confluence of the Ak-su (e.g. 16,780 cub. ft. in the second in June) and its embouchure in the Kara-koshun (5650 cub. ft. in the second), but keeps on lifting its bed and its current, like the Po and the Hwang-ho, above the level of the adjacent country. The total fall from the confluence of the Ak-su-darya (3380 ft.) to the Kara-koshun (2675 ft.), a distance of some 665 m., is only 705 ft., giving an average of very little more than a foot per mile. The total length of the river is probably somewhere near 1000 m. On the whole the Tarim is step by step and year by year steadily but slowly working its way towards the S.W., for all along its lower course it is accompanied by a belt, some 50 m. wide, which lies at a lower level or altitude than itself. In its actual delta this tendency is counter-balanced by its incipient oscillation backwards towards the N., towards the desiccated lake basin of the old Lop-nor. Although the river drains the vast area of 354,000 sq. m., it is only from 172,000 sq. m. of this (48-8 per cent.) that it derives any augmentation of volume. The remaining 182,000 sq. m. (51-2 per cent.) of the potential catchment area fails to contribute one drop of water, being nothing but arid, rainless desert. Throughout the catchment-basin of the Tarim the precipitation is governed by the general law, that it increases from N. to S. and from E. to W. Hence, in conformity with this, the largest affluents are in the west. In general shape the basin of the Tarim is elliptical, but the lowest part lies near the extreme E. end of the ellipse.[1] If the deepest part of the basin lay beyond the long axis of the ellipse the symmetry would be ideal ; but, situated as it is at the southern foot of the Tian-shan, it has occasioned a dislocation toward the N. of the main stream of the system. ... If we compare the northern peripheral zone from the catchment area of the Kashgar-darya to the catchment area of the Kuruk-tagh, both inclusive, with the southern peripheral zone from the catchment area of the Yarkand-darya to the catchment area of the Astin-tagh, both again inclusive, we find that the former has an area of 82,990 sq. m., and the latter an area of 89,550 sq. m., or, in other words, that they are approximately of the same size. In the case of both the breadth decreases on the whole towards the E., until they each terminate in a narrow strip, the domain of the Kuruk-tagh on the one hand and that of the Astin-tagh on the other. But before they contract in this way the zones swell out into the Khaidu-gol and the Cherchen-darya and Kara-muran respectively. ... A corresponding symmetry can also be seen in the rivers which gather off the encircling mountains into" the depression," ' the Kashgar-darya balancing the Yarkand-darya, the Ak-su-darya balancing the Khotan-darya, the Koncheh-darya balancing the Cherchen-darya, and so on.
The Tarim begins to freeze about the end of November and the freezing advances upwards against the current. When the ice of the river thaws in the beginning of March it sets up a spring flood, which in magnitude and volume falls little short of the flood caused by the melting of the snows on the mountains about the head-streams and feeders of the river, and the course of which can be traced all down the Tarim during the summer and autumn. The river abounds in fish, especially in the lower part of its course. Fish forms the staple food of a large part of the riverine population.
See Sven Hedin, Scientific Results of a Journey m Central Asia, 1899-1902 (vols. i. and ii., Stockholm, 1905-06), and Central Asia and Tibet (2 vols., London, 1903).
(J. T. Be.)
TARKANI, or Tarkalanri, a Pathan tribe inhabiting the whole of Bajour (q.v.), on the border of the North-West Frontier Province of India. Subdivided into Mamunds, Isazai and Ismailzai, the tribe numbers some 100,000 persons.
TARLETON, SIR BANASTRE (1754-1833), English soldier, was the son of John Tarleton (1719-1773), a Liverpool merchant, and was born in Liverpool on the 21st of August 1754. Educated
at Oxford he entered the army, and in December 1775 he sailed
as a volunteer to America with Earl, afterwards Marquess,
Cornwallis, and his services during the American War of Inde-
pendence in the year 1776 gained for him the position of a
brigade major of cavalry. He was present at the battle of
Brandywine and at other engagements in 1777 and 1778, and
as the commander of the British legion, a mixed force of cavalry
and light infantry, he proceeded at the beginning of 1780 to
South Carolina, rendering valuable services to Sir Henry Clinton
in the operations which culminated in the capture of Charleston.
He was responsible for a British victory at Waxhaw in May
1780, and he materially helped Cornwallis to win the battle
of Camden in the succeeding August. He was completely
victorious in an engagement with Thomas Sumter at Fishing
Creek, or Catawba Fords, but was not equally successful when
he encountered the same general at Blackstock Hill in November
1780; then in January 1781, in spite of much personal valour,
he was defeated with heavy loss at Cowpens. Having been
successful in a skirmish at Tarrants House, and having taken
part in the battle of Guilford in March 1781, he marched with
Cornwallis into Virginia, and after affording much assistance
to his commander-in-chief he was instructed to hold Gloucester.
This post, however, was surrendered to the Americans with
Yorktown in October 1781, and Tarleton returned to England
on parole. In 1790 he entered parliament as member for
Liverpool, and with the exception of a single year he remained
in the House of Commons until 1812. In 1794 he became a major-general; in 1812 a general; and he held a military
command in Ireland and another in England. In 1815 he was made a baronet. He died without issue at Leintwardine in
Shropshire on the 25th of January 1833.
For some time Tarleton lived with the actress Mary Robinson (Perdita), and his portrait was painted both by Reynolds and by Gainsborough. Sir Banastre wrote a History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London, 1781), which, although of some value, is marred by the author's vanity and by his attacks on Cornwallis. It was criticized by Colonel Roderick Mackenzie in his Strictures on Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton's History (1781) and in the Cornwallis Correspondence.
TARLTON, RICHARD (d. 1588), English actor, was probably at one time an inn-keeper, but in 1583, when he is mentioned as one of the original company of queen's players, was already an experienced actor. He was Elizabeth's favourite clown, and his talent for impromptu doggerel on subjects suggested by his audience has given his name to that form of verse. To obtain the advantage of his popularity a great number of songs and witticisms of the day were attributed to him, and after his death Tarlton's Jests, many of them older than he, made
several volumes. Other books, and several ballads, coupled his name with their titles. He is said to have been the Yorick of Hamlet's soliloquy.
TARN, a river of southern France, tributary to the Garonne, watering the departments of Lozere, Aveyron, Tarn, Haute-Garonne and Tarn-et-Garonne. Length, 234 m. Area of basin, 5733 sq. m. Rising on the southern slope of Mt. Lozere at a height of 5249 ft., the Tarn flows westward and, having received the Tarnon, enters the gorge, famed for its beauty, which separates the Causse de Sauveterre from the Causse Mejan. Emerging from this canon after a course of 37 m. it receives the Jonte on the left and, still flowing through gorges, passes between the Causse Noir, the Larzac plateau and the Causse de
St Affrique (at the foot of which it receives the Dourdou de Vabre) on the left and the Levczou range and the Plateau of Segala on the right. In this part of its course the most important town is Millau, where it receives the Dourbie. At the cascade of Sabo, above Albi, the river enters the plains and,
- ↑ Sven Hedin, Scientific Results, ii. 524-25.
