in the Palais Royal, and the idea of her “Chamber of Horrors” from Curtius’s Caverne des Grands Voleurs, in the Boulevard du Temple. Her wax figures were successfully shown in the Strand on the site of the Lyceum theatre, and through the provinces, and finally the exhibition was established in permanent London quarters in Baker Street in 1833. Here Mme Tussaud died on the 16th of April 1850. She was succeeded by her son Francis Tussaud, he by his son Joseph, and he again by his son John Theodore Tussaud (b. 1859). The exhibition was moved in 1884 to a large building in Marylebone Road.
TUSSER, THOMAS (c. 1524–1580), English poet, son of
William and Isabella Tusser, was born at Rivenhall, Essex,
about 1524. At a very early age he became a chorister in the
collegiate chapel of the castle of Wallingford, Berkshire. He
appears to have been pressed for service in the King's Chapel,
the choristers of which were usually afterwards placed by the
king in one of the royal foundations at Oxford or Cambridge.
But Tusser entered the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, and from
there went to Eton College. He has left a quaint account of
his privations at Wallingford, and of the severities of Nicholas
Udal at Eton. He was elected to King's College, Cambridge,
in 1543, a date which has fixed the earliest limit of his birth-year, as he would have been ineligible at nineteen. From King's College he moved to Trinity Hall, and on leaving Cambridge went to court in the service of William, 1st Baron Paget
of Beaudesart, as a musician. After ten years of life at court,
he married and settled as a farmer at Cattiwade, Suffolk, near
the river Stour, where he wrote his Hundreth Good Pointes of
Husbandrie (1557, 1561, 1562, &c). He never remained long
in one place. For his wife's health he removed to Ipswich.
After her death he married again, and farmed for some time
at West Dereham. He then became a singing man in Norwich
Cathedral, where he found a good patron in the dean, John
Salisbury. After another experiment in farming at Fairsted,
Essex, he removed to London, whence he was driven by the
plague of 1572–1573 to find refuge at Trinity Hall, being matriculated as a servant of the college in 1573. At the time of his death he was in possession of a small estate at Chesterton,
Cambridgeshire, and his will proves that he was not, as has
sometimes been stated, in poverty of any kind, but had in some
measure the thrift he preached. Thomas Fuller says he " traded
at large in oxen, sheep, dairies, grain of all kinds, to no profit";
that he " spread his bread with all sorts of butter, yet none
would stick thereon." He died on the 3rd of May 1580. An
erroneous inscription at Manningtree, Essex, asserts that he
was sixty-five years old.
The Hundreth Good Pointes was enlarged to A Hundredth good pointes of husbandry, lately maried unto a hundreth good poyntes of huswifery . . . the first extant edition of which, "newly corrected and amplified," is dated 1570. In 1573 appeared Five hundreth pointes of good husbandry . . . (reprinted 1577, 1580, 1585, 1586, 1590, &c). The numerous editions of this book, which contained a metrical autobiography, prove that the homely and practical wisdom of Tusser's verse was appreciated. He gives directions of what is to be done in the farm in every month of the year, and minute instructions for the regulation of domestic affairs in general. The later editions include A dialogue of wyvynge and thryvynge (1562). Modern editions are by William Mavor (1812), by H. M. W. (1848), and by W. Payne and Sidney J. Heritage for the English Dialect Society (1878).
TUTBURY, a town in the Burton parliamentary division of
Staffordshire, England, 4½ m. N .W. of Burton-upon-Trent, picturesquely situated on the river Dove, a western tributary
of the Trent, which forms the county boundary with Derbyshire.
Pop. (1901), 1971. The station of the Great Northern
and North Staffordshire railways is in Derbyshire. The fine
church of St Mary has a nave of rich Norman work with a remarkable
western doorway; there are Early English additions,
and the apsidal chancel is a modern imitation of that style.
There are ruins of a large castle standing high above the valley;
these include a gateway of 14th-century work, strengthened in
Caroline times, a wall enclosing the broad “ Tilt Yard,” and
portions of dwelling rooms. Glass is the staple manufacture.
Alabaster is found in the neighbourhood.
The early history of Tutbury (Toteberie, Stutesbury, Tuttebiri, Tudbury) is very obscure. It is said to have been a seat of the Mercian kings. After the Conquest it was granted to Hugh d'Avranches, who appears to have built the first castle there. At the time of the Domesday Survey the castle was held by Henry de Ferrers, and “in the borough round it were 42 men living by their merchandise alone.” Tutbury was the centre of an honour in Norman times, but the town remained small and unimportant, the castle and town continuing in the hands of the Ferrers until 1266, when, owing to Robert de Ferrers's participation in the barons' revolt, they were forfeited to the Crown and granted to Edmund Crouchback, earl of Lancaster. They are still part of the duchy of Lancaster. Tutbury Castle was partially rebuilt by John of Gaunt, whose wife, Constance of Castile, kept her court there. Later it was, for a time, the prison of Mary Queen of Scots. During the Civil War it was held for the king but surrendered to the parliamentary forces (1646), and was reduced to ruins by order of parliament (1647). Richard III. granted to the inhabitants of Tutbury two fairs, to be held respectively on St Katharine's day and the feast of the Invention of the Cross; the fair on the 15th of August was famous until the end of the 18th century for its bull coursing, said to have been originally introduced by John of Gaunt.
In 1831 a large treasure of English silver coins of the 13th and 14th centuries was discovered in the bed of the river, and a series was placed in the British Museum. This treasure was believed to have been lost by Thomas, the rebellious earl of Lancaster, who was driven from Tutbury Castle by Edward II. in 1322.
See Mosley, History of Castle, Priory and Town of Tutbury (1832); Victoria County History: Stafford.
TUTICORIN, a seaport of British India in the Tinnevelly district of Madras. Pop. (1901), 28,048. It is the southern
terminus of the South Indian railway, 443 m. S.W. of Madras city. In Connexion with this railway a daily steamer runs to
Colombo, 149 m. distant by sea. Tuticorin is an old town, long in possession of the Dutch, and has a large Roman Catholic
population. It used to be famous for its pearl nsheries, which
extended from Cape Comorin to the Pamban Channel between
India and Ceylon; but owing to the deepening of the Pamban
Channel in 1895 these banks no longer produce the pearl oysters
in such remunerative quantities, though conch shells are still
found and exported to Bengal. As a set-off to this, Tuticorin
has advanced greatly as a port since the opening of the railway
in 1875, though it has only an open road stead, where vessels
must anchor two and a half miles from the shore; it is the second
port in Madras and the sixth in all India. The exports are
chiefly rice and livestock to Ceylon, cotton, tea, coffee and
spices. There are factories for ginning and pressing cotton
and a cotton mill.
TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect), properly a legal term, borrowed from Roman law, for a guardian
of an infant (see Roman Law and Infant). Apart from this usage, which survives particularly in Scots law, the word is chiefly current in an educational sense of a teacher or instructor. It is thus specifically applied to a fellow of a college at a university with particular functions, connected especially with the supervision of the undergraduate members of the college. These functions differ in various universities. Thus, at Oxford, a fellow, who is also a tutor, besides lecturing, or taking his share of the general teaching of the college, has the supervision and responsibility for a certain number of the undergraduates during their period of residence; at Cambridge the tutor has not necessarily any teaching functions to perform, but is more concerned with the economic and social welfare of the pupils assigned to his care. In American universities the term is applied to a teacher who is subordinate to a professor, his appointment being for a year or a term of years.
TUTTLINGEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Württemberg, on the left bank of the Danube, which is here crossed by a bridge, 37, rn. by rail N .E. of Schaffhausen, and at the
