junction of lines to Stuttgart and Ulm. Pop. (1905), 14,627. The town is overlooked by the ruins of the castle of Honberg, which was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War, and has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, several schools, and a monument to Max Schneckenburger (1819–1849), the author of Die Wacht am Rhein. Its chief manufactures are shoes, cutlery, surgical instruments and woollen goods, and it has a trade in fruit and grain.
Tuttlingen is a very ancient place, and is chiefly memorable for the victory gained here on the 24th of November 1643 by the Austrians and Bavarians over the French. It was almost totally destroyed by fire in 1803. It has belonged to Württemberg since 1404.
TUXEDO, a town of Orange county, New York, U.S.A., about 40 m. N.N.W. of New York City, near the New Jersey
state line. Pop. (1890), 1678; (1900), 2277; (1905), 2865;
(1910), 2858. Tuxedo is served by the Erie railway. About
112 m. west of the railway station is Tuxedo Lake, which with
13,000 acres of surrounding country was taken for debt in 1814
by the elder Pierre Lorillard, who built a shooting-box here
and sold wood from the land. The second Pierre Lorillard
(1833–1901) formed the Tuxedo Park Association for the development of the tract, and on the 1st of June 1886 the Tuxedo Club and Tuxedo Park were opened; here there has
grown up a remarkable collection of private establishments for the enjoyment of country life by certain wealthy families,
who form a social club to whom the privileges are restricted. The area covers a variety of wild and cultivated scenery, and
is beautifully laid out and utilized; there are golf links, a tennis and racket club, and game preserves, with excellent trout and bass fishing in the lake.
TUY, a city of north-western Spain, in the province of Pontevedra,
on the right bank of the river Miño (Portuguese Minho),
opposite Valença do Minho, which stands on the left bank in
Portuguese territory. Pop. (1900), 11,113. Tuy is the southern
terminus of the railways to Santiago de Compostela and
Corunna, Valenga do Minho is the northern terminus of the
Portuguese railway to Oporto. Near Tuy rises the Monte San Cristobal, whose far-spreading spurs constitute
the fertile and picturesque Vega del Oro. To the east is the river Louro, a right-hand tributary of the Miño abounding in salmon, trout, lamprey, eels and other fishes; and beyond the Louro, on the
railway to Corunna, are the hot mineral springs of San Martin
de Caldelas. Tuy is a clean and pleasant city with well-built
houses, regular streets and many gardens. The cathedral,
founded in the 12th century, but largely restored between the
15th and 19th, is of a massive and fortress-like architecture.
Its half-ruined cloister and noble eastern facade date from
the 14th century. There are several large convents and ancient
parish churches, an old episcopal palace, hospitals, good schools,
a theatre, and a very handsome bridge over the Miño built in
1885. The industries of Tuy include tanning, brewing, the
distillation of spirits and the manufacture of soap. The city
has also a brisk agricultural trade.
During part of the 7th century Tuy was the Visigothic capital. It was taken from the Moors by Alphonso VII. in the 12th century. As a frontier fortress it played an important part in the wars between Portugal and Castile.
TVER, a government of central Russia, on the upper Volga, bounded by the governments of Pskov and Novgorod on the W. and N. respectively, Yaroslavl and Vladimir on the E. and Moscow and Smolensk on the S. It has an area of 24,967 sq. m. Lying on the southern slope of the Valdai plateau, and intersected by deep valleys, it has the aspect of a hilly region, but is in reality a plateau 800 to 1000 ft. in altitude. Its highest
parts are in the west, where the Volga, Southern Dvina and
Msta rise in marshes and lakes. The plateau is built up chiefly
of Carboniferous limestones, Lower and Upper, underlain by
Devonian and Silurian deposits, which crop out only in the
denudation's of the lower valleys. The whole is covered by a
thick sheet of boulder-clay, the bottom-moraine of the Scandinavo-Russian
ice-sheet, and by subsequent Lacustrine deposits. A number of åsar or eskers occur on the slopes of
the plateau. Ochre, brick, and pottery clays, as also limestone
for building, are obtained, and there are chalybeate
springs. The soil, which is clayey for the most part, is not
fertile as a rule.
Nearly the whole of Tver is drained by the upper Volga and its tributaries, several of which (Vazuza, Dubna, Sestra, Tvertsa and the tributaries of the Mologa) are navigable. The Vyshnevolotsk system of canals connects the Volga (navigable some 60 m. from its source) with the Baltic, and the Tikhvin system connects the Mologa with Lake Ladoga. The Msta, which flows into Lake Ilmen, and its tributary the Tsna drain Tver in the north-west, and the Southern Dvina rises in Ostashkov. This network of rivers highly favours navigation: corn, linseed, spirits, flax, hem, timber, metals and manufactured wares to the annual value of $1,500,000 are shipped from, or brought to, the river ports of the government. Lakes, ponds and marshes are numerous in the west and north-west, Lake Seliger—near the source of the Volga—and Lake Mztino being the most important. The forests—coniferous in the north and deciduous in the south—are rapidly disappearing, but still cover 32% of the surface. The climate is continental; the average yearly temperature at Tver (41°.5 F.) is the same as that of Orel and Tambov (Jan. 11°, July 67°).
The population was estimated in 1906 as 2,053,000, almost entirely Great Russian, but including about 117,700 Karelians. The government is divided into twelve districts, the chief towns of which are Tver, Byezhetsk, Kalyazin, Kashin, Korsheva, Ostashkov, Rzhev, Staritsa, Torzhok, Vesyegonsk, Vyshniy Volochok and Zubtsov. Nearly 2,000,000 acres are under cereals. The principal crops are rye, wheat, oats, barley and potatoes. The sowing of grass is spreading, owing to the efforts of the zemstvos or local councils, and improved machinery is being introduced. Livestock breeding is also important, and dairy produce is exported. Manufactures have grown rapidly. Cotton-mills, flour-mills, tanneries, sugar-refineries, iron-foundries and distilleries are the chief establishments. The government of Tver is also the seat of important village industries, of which a remarkable variety is carried on, nearly every district and even every village having its own speciality. The principal of these are weaving, lace-making, boat-building, and the making of boots, saddlery, coarse pottery, sacks, nets, wooden wares, nails, locks, other hardware and agricultural implements and felt goods.
TVER, a town of Russia, capital of the government of the
same name, 104 m. by rail N.W. of Moscow, on both banks of
the Volga (here crossed by a floating bridge) at its confluence
with the Tvertsa. The low right bank is protected 'from inundations
by a dam. Pop. (1885), 39,280; (1900), 45,644. Tver
is an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church. The
oldest church dates from 1564, and the cathedral from 1689.
A public garden occupies the site of the former fortress. The
city possesses a good archaeological museum, housed in a former
imperial palace. The industries have developed greatly, especially
those in cotton, the chief works being cotton and flour
mills, but there are also machinery works, glass works, sawmills,
tanneries, railway carriage works and a steamer-building
Wharf. Among the domestic industries are nail-making and
the manufacture of hosiery for export to Moscow and St Petersburg.
The traffic of the town is considerable, Tver being an
intermediate place for the trade of both capitals with the
governments of the upper Volga.
Tver dates its origin from 1180, when a fort was erected at the mouth of the Tvertsa to protect the Suzdal principality against Novgorod. In the 13th century it became the capital of an independent principality, and remained so until the end of the 13th century. Michael, prince of Tver, was killed (1318) fighting against the Tatars, as also was Alexander his son. It long remained an open question whether Moscow or Tver would ultimately gain the supremacy in Great Russia, and it was only with the help of the Tatars that the princes of the former eventually succeeded in breaking down the independence of Tver. In 1486, when the city was almost entirely burned down by the Muscovites, the son of Ivan III. became prince of Tver; the final annexation to Moscow followed four years later. In 1570 Tver had to endure, for some reason now
