Zumalacárregui
1055
Delagoa Bay. At that time the Transvaal government—which had been the first to reap the benefit of Great Britain’s defeat of the Zulu by acquiring the “New Republic”—was endeavouring to obtain the territories of Zambaan and Umtegiza, hoping also to secure a route through Tongaland to Kosi Bay. President Kruger protested in vain against this annexation, Great Britain being determined to prevent another Power establishing itself on the south-east African seaboard.
In 1893 Sir M. Osborn was succeeded as resident commissioner by Sir Marshal Clarke[1] who gained the confidence and good will of the Zulu. Zululand made part of Natal.At the close of 1897 Zululand, in which Tongaland had been incorporated, was handed over by the Imperial government to Natal, and Sir (then Mr) C. J. R. Saunders was appointed civil commissioner of the province, with whose government he had been associated since 1887. In 1898 Dinizulu was allowed to return and was made a “government induna.” Officially one of several chiefs subject to the control of the resident magistrate, he was, in fact, regarded by most of the Zulu as the head of their nation. His influence appeared to be in the main exercised on the side of order. During the war of 1899–1902 there was some fighting between the Zulu and the Boers, provoked by the Boers entering Zulu territory. A Zulu kraal having been raided, the Zulu retaliated and, surrounding a small Boer commando, succeeded in killing every member of it. Boer raids.In September 1901 Louis Botha made an attempt to invade Natal by way of Zululand, but the stubborn defence made by the small posts at Itala and Prospect Hill, both within the Zulu border, caused him to give up the project. Throughout the war the Zulu showed marked partiality for the British side.
At the close of the war the Natal government decided to allow white settlers in certain districts of Zululand, and a Lands Delimitation Commission was appointed. The commission, however, reported (1905) that four-fifths of Zululand was unfit for European habitation, and the remaining fifth already densely populated. The commissioners urged that the tribal system should be maintained. Meantime the coal mines near St. Lucia Bay were opened up and connected with Durban by railway. At this time rumours were current of disaffection among the Zulu, but this was regarded as the effervescence natural after the war. The Revolt of 1906. Dinizulu’s trial.In 1905 a poll tax of £1 on all adult males was imposed by the Natal legislature, this tax was the ostensible cause of a revolt in 1906 among the natives of Natal, who were largely of Zulu origin. Bambaata, the leader of the revolt, fled to Zululand. He took refuge in the dense bush in the Nkandhla highlands, where Cetywayo’s grave became the rallying point of the rebels, who in April were joined by an aged chief named Sigananda and his tribe. After an arduous campaign, the Natal force (about 5000 strong) being commanded by Col. Sir Duncan McKenzie, the rebellion was crushed by July 1906, without the aid of imperial troops. Bambaata was killed in battle (June 10th), his head was cut off for purposes of identification, but afterwards buried with the body. Sigananda surrendered. In all some 3500 Zulus were killed and about 3000 taken prisoners, the majority of the prisoners being released in 1907 (see further Natal: History). Zululand remained, however, in a disturbed condition, and a number of white traders and officials were murdered. Dinizulu had been accused of harbouring Bambaata, and in December 1907 the Natal government felt justified in charging him with high treason, murder and other crimes. A military force entered Zululand, and Dinizulu surrendered without opposition. He was brought to trial in November 1908, and in March 1909 was found guilty of harbouring rebels. The more serious charges against him were not proved. He was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment and deprived of his position as a government induna. Other Zulu chiefs were convicted of various offences and sentenced to imprisonment. At his trial Dinizulu was defended by W. P. Schreiner, ex-premier of Cape Colony, while Miss H. E. Colenso (a daughter of Bishop Colenso) constituted herself his champion in the press of Natal and Great Britain. On the day that the Union of South Africa was established (31st of May 1910), the Botha ministry released Dinizulu from prison. He was subsequently settled on a farm in the Transvaal and given a pension of £500 a year.
Bibliography.—British War Office, Precis of information concerning Zululand (1894) and Precis … concerning Tongaland and North Zululand (1905), Report on the Forests of Zululand (Col. Off., 1891), J. S. Lister, Report on Forestry in Natal and Zululand (Maritzburg, 1902), Zululand Lands Delimitation Commission 1902–4, Reports (Maritzburg, 1905), A. T. Bryant, A Zulu-English Dictionary with … a concise history of the Zulu People from the most Ancient Times (1905), G. McC. Theal, History of South Africa since 1795, 5 vols. (1908) vols. i and iv are specially valuable for Zululand, J. Y. Gibson, The Story of the Zulus (Maritzburg, 1908), J. A. Farrer, Zululand and the Zulus: their History, Beliefs, Customs, Military System, &c. (4th ed., 1879). For more detailed study consult Sax Bannister, Humane Policy (1830) and authorities collected in Appendix, A. Delegorgue, Voyage de l'Afrique Australe (Paris, 1847), A. F. Gardiner, Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country (1836), N. Isaacs, Travels … descriptive of the Zoolus, their Manners, Customs, &c. (2 vols., 1836), Zululand under Dingaan: Account of Mr Owen's Visit in 1837 (Cape Town, 1880), Rev. B. Shaw, Memorials of South Africa (1841), Rev. G. H. Mason, Life with the Zulus of Natal (1852) and Zululand: a Mission Tour (1862), D. Leshe, Among the Zulus and Amatongas (2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1875), Bishop Colenso, Langalibalele and the Amahlubi Tribe (1874), Zulu Boundary Commission (Books i–iv, 1878, MSS in Colonial Office Library, London), C. Vijn (trans. from the Dutch by Bishop Colenso) Cetshwayo’s Dutchman (1880), British official Narrative of … the Zulu War of 1879 (1881), A. Septans, Les Expeditions anglaises en Afrique Zulu, 1879 (Paris, 1896), Frances F. Colenso and Col. D. Durnford, History of the Zulu War and its Origin (2nd ed., 1881), F. E. Colenso, The Ruin of Zululand (2 vols., 1884–85), Capt. H. H. Parr, A Sketch of the Kaffir and Zulu Wars (1880), “Cetywayo’s Story of the Zulu Nation,” Macmillan’s Magazine (1880), H. Rider Haggard, Cetywayo and his White Neighbours (1882), B. Mitford, Through the Zulu Country (1883), J. Tyler, Forty Years among the Zulus (Boston, 1891), British official Military Report on Zululand (1906), W. Bosman, The Natal Rebellion of 1906 (1907), Rosamond Southey, Storm and Sunshine in South Africa (1910). See also the Lives of Sir Bartle Frere, Bishop Colenso, Sir G. Pomeroy Colley and Sir J. C. Molteno, and the authorities cited under Natal. (F. R. C.)
Zumalacárregui, Thomas(1788–1835), Spanish Carlist general, was born at Ormaiztegui in Navarre on the 29th of December 1788. His father, Francisco Antonio Zumalacárregui, was a lawyer who possessed some property, and the son was articled to a solicitor. When the French invasion took place in 1808 he enlisted at Saragossa. He served in the first siege, at the battle of Tudela, and during the second siege until he was taken prisoner in a sortie. He succeeded in escaping and in reaching his family in Navarre. For a short time he served with Gaspar de Jauregim, known as “The Shepherd” (El Pastor), one of the minor guerillero leaders. But Zumalacárregui, who was noted for his grave and silent disposition and his strong religous principles, disliked the disorderly life of the guerrillas, and when regular forces were organized in the north he entered the 1st battalon of Guipuzcoa as an officer. During the remainder of the war he served in the regular army. In 1812 he was sent with despatches to the Regency at Cadiz and received his commission as captain. In that rank he was present at the battle of San Marciál (31st of August 1813). After the restoration of Ferdinand VII. he continued in the army and is said to have mad a careful study of the theory of war. Zumalacárregui had no sympathy with the liberal principles which were spreading in Spain, and became noted as what was called a Servil or strong Royalist. He attracted no attention at headquarters, and was still a captain when the revolution of 1820 broke out. His brother officers, whose leanings were liberal, denounced him to the revolutionary government, and asked that he be removed. The recommendation was not acted upon, but Zumalacárregui knew of it, and laid up the
- ↑ Lieut. Col. Sir Marshal James Clarke, R.A. (1841–1909) was A.D.C. to Sir Theophilus Shepstone when the Transvaal was annexed in 1877. He served in the Boer war of 1880–81, was resident commissioner of Basutoland from 1884 to 1893, and after leaving Zululand became resident commissioner in Southern Rhodesia (1898). He was made a K.C.M.G. in 1886.
