1910. In 1894 he was created a baronet, and in 1910 was raised to the peerage. He was in 1917 made president of the Air Board, and the same year was created a viscount. He was elected Lord Rector of Aberdeen University in 1918.
COX, JAMES MIDDLETON (1870- ), American politician, was born near Jacksonburg, O., March 31 1870. He was educated in the common schools, worked in a newspaper office, for a short time was a country school teacher, and later be- came a reporter on the Cincinnati Enquirer. Afterwards he went to Washington as secretary to Congressman Paul Sorg, of Ohio. On the latter's retirement he decided to enter again the newspaper field. In 1898 he purchased the Dayton News and five years later the Springfield Press- Republic, subsequently named the Daily News, these papers being known thereafter as the Newspaper League of Ohio. From 1909 to 1913 he was a member of Congress from the Dayton district and served on the Appropriations Committee. He was an active opponent of the Payne-Aldrich tariff measure. He was elected governor of Ohio for the term 1913-15, was defeated for the following term, then was reelected twice in succession (1917-21). At the time of his third election he was the only Democrat to be returned to state office, even the lieutenant-governor being Republican, and two-thirds of the congressional districts went Republican. In 1916 he was delegate-at-large to the Democratic National Convention. His career as governor was notable. Among the many reforms introduced under his guidance were a workmen's compensation law; a survey of occupational diseases with recom- mendations for health insurance; the elimination of the sweat- shop; the establishment of a state industrial commission for dealing with questions of labour and capital; the provision of a minimum wage and a nine-hour day for women; mothers' pensions; ratification of the proposed woman suffrage amend- ment; the budget system for state expenditures; pure food laws; a " blue sky " law for protecting investors from unscrupulous promoters; the initiative and referendum; a Corrupt Practices Act; the indeterminate sentence for convicts; improvement of rural schools; the establishment of a state tuberculosis hospital and the extension of safety devices on railways and in mines. Many of these reforms were followed as models by other states. He was energetic in suppressing violence in connexion with strikes, his general policy being to hold local authorities responsible without recourse to the state militia. In at least one case he removed a mayor who had called for state troops. He favoured abolishing the Federal inheritance tax, believing that the state alone should have jurisdiction over inheritances. He opposed the excess profits tax but maintained that a small tax should be laid " on the volume of business of a going concern." He was a strong supporter of President Wilson's policies and especially of the League of Nations. He was often charged with opposing prohibition but repeatedly declared that all laws must be en- forced. At the Democratic National Convention in 1020 he had from the beginning strong support for the presidential nomina- tion. On the first ballot he stood third (with 134 votes); on the seventh ballot second (with 2955 votes); on the twelfth ballot first (with 404 votes); on the thirtieth ballot he dropped to second (with 4005 votes); on the thirty-ninth vote he again stood first (with 468 j votes) ; and continued to gain thereafter until he was nominated on the forty-fourth ballot. Following his nomination he " stumped " the country, making the League of Nations the prominent issue but was overwhelmingly defeated by Warren G. Harding, the Republican nominee. The electoral vote was 404 for Harding and 127 for Cox. The popular vote was 16,138,900 for Harding and 9,142,000 for Cox. The vote in Ohio, the home state of both candidates, was 1,182,000 for Harding and 780,000 for Cox. The magnitude of the defeat, unprecedented in American history, was generally considered as due in part to the unwarranted character of the charges made by Cox himself during the campaign, but chiefly to a widespread revolt against the recent course of President Wilson, whose policies Cox upheld.
COX, KENYON (1856-1919), American painter (see 7.353), died in New York, March 17 1919. In 1910 he was awarded the medal of honour for mural painting by the Architectural League. In 1911 he published The Classic Point of View, being lectures delivered that year before the Chicago Art Institute. Other works are Artist and Public (1914, largely reprints from period- icals); Window Homer (1914) and Concerning Painting (1917).
COZENS-HARDY, HERBERT HARDY COZENS-HARDY, 1st BARON (1838-1920), English lawyer and Master of the Rolls, was born at Letheringsett Hall, Dereham, Norfolk, Nov. 22 1838, the son of William Cozens-Hardy, a Nonconformist solicitor in large practice at Norwich. He was educated at Amersham school and afterwards at London University, where he took his degree in 1858. He was called to the bar in 1862, and built up a large and very successful connexion, chiefly in Nonconformist and Liberal circles. He became a Q.C. in 1882, and was raised to the bench in 1899. In 1885 he was returned as Liberal member for Nor- folk, retaining the seat until 1899. In 1901 he was made a lord of appeal, and in 1907 Master of the Rolls. In August 1913 he was appointed one of the three commissioners of the great seal during the absence of Lord Chancellor Haldane in Canada. In 1914 he was raised to the peerage, and in 1918 resigned the office of Master of the Rolls, being succeeded by Lord Swinfen. He died at Letheringsett Hall June 18 1920.
CRACKANTHORPE, MONTAGU HUGHES (1832-1913), English lawyer, was born at Nowers, Som., Feb. 24 1832, the son of Christopher Cookson of Nowers. The name of Crackanthorpe was assumed by him in 1888 on succeeding to the estate of New- biggin, Westmoreland. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' school and St. John's College, Oxford, when he took his degree in classics in 1854, winning the Eldon law and University mathe- matical scholarships. He was called to the bar in 1859, and soon became well known not only as a barrister but as a keen student of criminology. He became a Q.C. in 1875, and from 1893 to 1899 was standing counsel to Oxford University. He took much interest in eugenics, and was president of the Eugenics Education Society from 1909 to 1911. He published Population and Prog- ress (1907). He died in London Nov. 16 1913.
CRADOCK, SIR CHRISTOPHER GEORGE FRANCIS MAURICE (1862-1914), British admiral, was born at Hartforth, Yorks., July 2 1862, the son of Christopher Cradock. He entered the navy at the age of 13 and saw service in Egypt both in 1882 and again in the Soudanese expedition of 1891. He commanded the British Naval Brigade at the capture of the Taku forts and the relief of Peking (1900). He more than once performed person- al feats of gallantry in saving life at sea and showed himself a bold and fearless leader in action. He was promoted captain after Taku, and rear-admiral in 1910. In 1912 he was granted the K.C.V.O. He published Sporting Notes in the Far East (1889); Wrinkles in Seamanship (1894) and Whispers from the Fleet (1907). Early in the World War he was given command of a British squadron in the Pacific consisting of the cruisers " Good Hope " (flagship) and " Monmouth," the armed merchantman " Otranto " and the light cruiser " Glasgow." His squadron was attacked off the coast of Chile (Nov. i 1914) by five Ger- man warships, the " Scharnhorst," " Gneisenau," " Leipzig," " Dresden " and " Niirnberg." Thqjigh inferior in speed and gun- power he decided to attack. The " Monmouth " was sunk and the " Good Hope " was blown up whilst making for shore, Admiral Cradock going down with the ship.
CRAM, RALPH ADAMS (1863- ), American architect, was born at Hampton Falls, N.H., Dec. 16 1863. He was educated at the Westford (Mass.) Academy and the Exeter (N.H.) high school. He studied architecture in a Boston office, was for a time art critic on the Boston Transcript and in 1889 opened an architect's office in Boston. He had a profound knowledge of mediaeval architecture and was an able advocate of the Gothic style, employed by him in many church and college buildings. Examples of his successful ecclesiastical work include St. Thomas's church, New York; Calvary church, Pittsburgh; St. Paul's cathedral, Detroit; the Fourth Presbyterian church, Chicago; and St. Alban's cathedral, Toronto. He was consulting architect for the cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York. He designed buildings for the Princeton graduate school, Sweet Briar College
