(Va.), the Rice Institute (Texas), Williams College, Williams- town, Mass., and Phillips Academy at Exeter, N.H. In 1903 his plans were accepted for remodelling the U.S. Military Acad- emy. In 1914 he was appointed professor of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
His numerous writings include Church Building (1901); The Ruined Abbeys of Great Britain (1905); Impressions of Japanese Architecture and the Allied Arts (1906); the Gothic Quest (1907); The Ministry of Art (1914); Heart of Europe (1915); The Substance of Gothic (1916, Lowell lectures); The Nemesis of Mediocrity (1918); The Great Thousand Years (1918); The Sins of the Fathers (1919); Walled Towns (1919) and Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh (1919).
CRAMP, CHARLES HENRY (1828-1913), American ship- builder (see 7.363), died in Philadelphia June 6 1913.
CRAMP, CONCEMORE THOMAS (1876- ), British Labour politician, was born at Staplehurst, Kent, on March 19 1876. He left school at the age of 12, and worked as a boy gardener to the local squire. At the age of 18 he left his native village and obtained employment as a gardener outside Portsmouth. In 1896 at the age of 21 he joined the service of the Midland Railway at Shipley, near Bradford, as a porter at i6s. a week of seven days of 12 hours each. He was later transferred to Masboro', then to Sheffield, and promoted to a passenger guard. He joined the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants and first appeared as a delegate at its Birmingham all grades conference, 1907. Later he became delegate to the annual general meeting of the A.S.R.S. and in 1911 was elected to represent his district on the executive committee. He was elected president of the National Union of Railwaymen at the 1917 annual general meeting. During the World War he became a member of several Government committees including the Port and Transit Execu- tive Committee, Committee on Adult Education, Consumers' Council, and Railway Advisory Committee. He stood for Parliament unsuccessfully as Labour candidate for Middles- borough at the general election in 1918. He was appointed Industrial General Secretary of the National Union of Railway- men on Jan. i 1920 and became a member of the Executive Committee of the Labour party.
CRANE, WALTER (1845-1915), English artist (see 7.366), died at Horsham March 14 1915.
CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES, 26TH EARL OF (1847-1913), British astronomer and orientalist (see 7.385), died in London Jan. 31 1913. He was succeeded as 27th earl by his son David Alexander Edward Lindsay (b. 1871), well known under his former title of Lord Balcarres as an art critic and connoisseur. He was appointed a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery, and has published Donatella (1903), and The Evolution of Italian Sculpture (1910). In 1916 he was included in Mr. Lloyd George's Cabinet as President of the Board of Agriculture and in 1921 became Lord President of the Council.
CREWE, ROBERT OFFLEY ASHBURTON CREWE-MILNES, IST MARQUESS or, English statesman and writer (see 7.432), remained leader of the House of Lords through Mr. Asquith's first administration, and during the Coalition Government of 1915-6. Though he was npt Lord Granville's equal in the difficult and delicate task of endeavouring to win the peers' assent to a succession of unpalatable measures of Radical reform, he contrived, by his courtesy and charm, to retain their liking and respect throughout the critical period beginning with the budget of 1909. He succeeded Lord Morley at the India Office in Nov. 1910, and attended, as Secretary of State, the King and Queen on their visit to India in the winter of 1911-2. He was responsible for the high acts of policy announced at the Delhi Durbar; the removal of the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi, and the reunion of the two Bengals under a Governor- in-Council. At the coronation of King George he was promoted to a marquessate. In the first Coalition Government he was Lord President of the Council. He followed Mr. Asquith in declining to take office under Mr. Lloyd George; and after his resignation he continued to lead the independent Liberal op- position in the Lords.
CRICKET: see SPORTS AND GAMES.
CRILE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1864- ), American surgeon, was born at Chili, O., Nov. n 1864. After graduating from Ohio Northern University (1884), he studied medicine at Wooster University (M.D. 1887) and later at Vienna, London and Paris. He taught at Wooster from 1889 to 1900. He was professor of Clinical Medicine at Western Reserve University from 1900 to 1911, and was then made professor of Surgery. During the Spanish-American War he was made a member of the Medical Reserve Corps and served in Porto Rico (1898). He was made an hon. F.R.C.S. (Lon- don) in 1913. After America entered the World War he became major in the medical O.T.C., and professional director (1917-8). He served with the B.E.F. in France and was senior consultant in surgical research (1918-9). He was made lieutenant-colonel in June 1918 and colonel later in the year. He made important contributions to the study of blood pressure and of shock in operations. Realizing that any strong emotion, such as fear before operation, produced shock, he attempted to allay dread by psychic suggestion, also endeavour- ing to prevent the subjective shock which affects the patient, even when under general anaesthesia, by first anaesthetizing the operative region with cocaine for several days, if necessary, before operating. Thus nerve communication between the affected part and the brain was already obstructed when the general anaesthetic was administered (see Anoci- Association, 1914, with Dr. Wm. E. Lower). For his work in shockless surgery he received a gold medal from the National Institute of Social Sciences in 1914.
Among his works are: Surgical Shock (1897) ; On the Blood Pres- sure in Surgery (1903) ; Hemorrhage and Transfusion (1909) ; Surgical Anemia and Resuscitation (1914); The Origin and Nature of the Emotions (1915); Man an Adaptive Mechanism (1916); A Mecha- nistic View of War and Peace (1916) and The Fallacy of the German State Philosophy (1918).
CROCE, BENEDETTO (1866- ), Italian philosopher and statesman, was born at Pescasseroli, in the province of Aquila, Italy, Feb. 25 1866. He came of a family that counted among its members several jurists and magistrates. Born in the part of Italy formerly known as Greater Greece, it may be said of him without paradox that the development of his mind and character represented a modern incarnation of all that was subtle and profound in the Hellenic genius, linked with the best and wisest tradition of Roman civilization and of the Christianity that came to take its place. From the remote township of his birth, however, the branch of the family to which the philosopher belonged transferred itself soon afterwards to Naples, so that, like his predecessor Vico, Benedetto Croce may be correctly described as a Neapolitan. He studied at Rome and in Naples, afterwards adopting the life of an independent student and occupying himself especially with literary and with Neapolitan history. Much of his work that bears upon that period of youth is to be found in the volumes: La Rivoluzione Napolctana del 1799; Saggi sulla letteratura italiana del Seicento; La Spagna nclla vita italiana duranle la rinascenza; Storie e leggende napoletane. But Croce did not altogether neglect philosophy at this period. Towards his thirtieth year the study of philosophy and of history together occupied most of his attention. His principal works are contained in four volumes comprised under the general title Filosojia dello spirito: (i) Esteiica come scienza dell' espressione e linguistica generate, (2) Logica come scienza del concetto puro, (3) Filosofia della practica: economia ed etica and (4) Teoria e storia della storiografia. These were published between 1902 and 1913. With these may be mentioned certain volumes of essays, among which are to be noted those upon Historical Materialism and Marxist Economy (1896-1900); upon Hegel (1905); upon Vico (1910); and the New Essays upon Aesthetic (1920), which complete and carry further the first Aesthetic.
Croce only took part in the administrative work of Naples upon rare occasions and in moments of crisis. Daring the World War he developed a polemic directed against democratic-humanitarian conceptions and particularly those of President
