and as the apostle of better relations with Germany, a country which he knew well, which he regarded as his " spiritual home," and where he had many friends. While still Secretary of State, he made a mysterious journey to Berlin in Feb. 1912, at the direct invitation, it was said, of the Kaiser, whom he had enter- tained at lunch on his visit to England in the previous year. In Berlin he had conversations with William II. himself, and with the Chancellor and othef ministers. Mr. Asquith at Cardiff, in the October after the war began, revealed the negotiations which passed with Germany in the year 191 2 presumably at this visit. The British Cabinet formally assured the German Govern- ment that Britain would neither make, nor join in, any unpro- voked attack on Germany. But the German Government asked Britain for an absolute pledge of neutrality if Germany were engaged in war a demand which, of course, could not be con- ceded. After this rebuff Lord Haldane ceased to advocate in public a rapprochement with Germany; but he did not abandon his hopes, and the outbreak of war was for him a peculiarly bitter disappointment. He witnessed with legitimate satisfaction the smoothness and promptitude with which the expeditionary force he had done so much to equip was put in the field in France; but he regretted that Lord Kitchener preferred to create a new army rather than expand the Territorials. He sat on the War Council which Mr. Asquith created in Nov. 1914. But his association with the conduct of the war soon ended. The preju- dice which his German affinities had raised against him in the public mind caused him to be left out of the first Coalition Min- istry in 1915, and he did not return to office. His services to statesmanship and philosophy were recognized, on his retire- ment, by the bestowal of the Order of Merit.
After 1915 Lord Haldane ceased to take a prominent part in politics. So far as he intervened in them at all, he appeared to be moving from his old Liberal position and inclining rather to the Labour platform; so much so that it was currently reported that, if Labour formed a Ministry, he would be ready to hold the chancellorship in it. But he mainly occupied himself with his judicial duties as an ex-Chancellor, with the promotion of schemes for the improvement of national education, and above all with his philosophic studies. He published a comprehensive philo- sophical work, The Reign of Relativity, in 1921, on a subject which had occupied him for over 40 years; and he has told the world that the work was projected " on the day of my release from office as Lord Chancellor in 1915." It was natural that, when Prof. Einstein came to England in June 1921 to lecture on his revolutionary theory of relativity, he should be Lord Haldane's guest and lecture under Lord Haldane's chairmanship. Lord Haldane was chancellor of Bristol University, had held the rectorship of Edinburgh University, and been the recipient of many honorary degrees. (G. E. B.)
HALE, GEORGE ELLERY (1868- ), American astronomer, was born at Chicago, 111., June 29 1868. He studied at the Harvard College Observatory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (B.S. 1890). He was director of the Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory, in Chicago, from 1890 to 1896. From 1892 to 1905 he was at the university of Chicago as as- sociate professor of astrophysics, as professor (from 1897), and as director of the Yerkes Observatory (after 1895). In 1904 he became director of the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory (Cal.) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He invented the spectroheliograph first used in 1892 for photographing solar prominences and won an international reputation for his solar and stellar spectroscopic work. He was awarded the Janssen medal by the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1894, the Rumford medal by the American Academy in 1902, the Draper medal in 1903, a gold medal by the Royal Astronomical Society in 1904, the Bruce medal by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1916, and the Janssen medal by the Astronomical Society of France in 1917. From 1892 to 1895 he was an editor of Astron- omy and Astrophysics and thereafter of The Astrophysical Jour- nal. He was the author of The Study of Stellar Evolution (1908) and Ten Years' Work of a Mountain Observatory (1915), besides numerous papers in the Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory and other scientific publications. He was a member of many learned societies at home and abroad.
HALES, JOHN WESLEY (1836-1914), British man of letters, was born at Ashby de la Zouch, Leics., Oct. 5 1836 and was educated at Louth grammar school, Glasgow high school, Durham grammar school, Glasgow University and Christ's College, Cambridge, which elected him to a fellowship. He was for some time an assistant master at Marlborough College under Dr. Bradley, as well as examiner at King's College, London, and the universities of Wales, New Zealand and Cambridge, and from 1889-93 Clark lecturer on English literature at Trinity College,
Cambridge. Until 1903, when he retired, he was professor of English literature at King's College, London. He was general editor of Bell's Handbooks of English Literature, as well as editor
of handbooks on The Longer English Poems (1872) and Milton's
Areopagitica (1874), and co-editor of Percy's Folio MS. (1867-8).
He wrote the introduction to SnelTs Age of Chaucer and Sec-
combe and Allen's Age of Shakespeare, and contributed to the
Diet, of National Biography. He died in London May 19 1914.
HALIFAX, CHARLES LINDLEY WOOD, 2ND VISCOUNT (1839- ), was born in London June 7 1839, and educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. From 1862 to 1870 he was groom of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales, and in 1885 succeeded his father in the title. In 1886 he became an ecclesiastical commissioner. He was well known as a strong High churchman, and for many years acted as president of the English Church Union.
HALIFAX, capital of Nova Scotia, Canada (see 12.843). The pop. in 1918 was 63,000. The public buildings and many of the
houses built of stone show a considerable taste in architecture.
Much of this stone was brought from the dismantled homes and
fortifications of Louisburg. About one-tenth of the city area was
devastated by the explosion on Dec. 6 1917 of a French steamer,
carrying 3,000 tons of T.N.T., on colliding with a Norwegian
steamer on its way with a cargo of relief to Belgium. The recon-
struction of a " Greater Halifax" was in 1921 being carried out
on modern lines of town-planning.
During the World War Halifax and Sydney were the only two points of departure from which clearances were allowed by the British Admiralty for Imperial and Allied shipping. On the west side of the outside harbour the Federal Government had in prog- ress the great work known as " the Halifax Ocean Terminals," of which several units are in operation. Within the pier head line 62 ac. will contain 27 berths prepared to accommodate ships up to 1,200 ft. in length. The depth at the piers at low water is 47 feet. The landing quays connect with the terminal passage station of the Canadian National railways. Grain elevators and conveyor systems will meet the needs of expanding commerce. Halifax claims to have the lowest port charges on the Atlantic coast. The principal exports are lumber, wood-pulp, fish, apples and flour; the imports sugar, tea, molasses and W. Indian fruits. In 1918 the imports were valued at $14,760,000 and the exports at $127,642,312. The entering and clearing tonnage rose from 3,111,535 tons in 1912 to 15, 836, 5 54 in 1919. The industrial establishments include the " Halifax Shipyards," iron foundries, a sugar refinery, rope and cordage works, cotton, chocolate, skate and furniture factories. Besides being the Atlantic terminus of the Canadian National railways, Halifax is the chief winter port of Canada, and is connected by steamship lines with Great Brit- ain, Europe, Africa, South America, the West Indies, the United States, and by Panama Canal with the Pacific.
HALLE, WILMA MARIA FRANCISCA, LADY (MADAME NORMAN-NERUDA) (1839-1911), Anglo-German musician (see 12.853), died at Berlin April 15 1911.
HALSBURY, HARDINGE STANLEY G1FFARD, 1ST EARL or (1823-1921), English lawyer and politician (see 12.867), died in London Dec. n 1921. He was prominent as the leader of the "die-hard" section of the Conservative peers during the debates on the Parliament Act of 1911 (see ENGLISH HISTORY). The year of his birth, earlier given as 1825, was subsequently found to have been wrongly put two years too late, since the records of Merton College, Oxford, showed him to have been born on Sept. 3 1823.
