Indeed, two "Chancellor" crises within four months had done much to undermine the whole system of Imperial and Prussian semi-absolutism, and to shake the confidence of the masses in the possibility of a successful issue of the war. The failure of the spring and summer offensives of 1918 destroyed Hertling's hope that he might eventually be able to negotiate with the Allied and Associated Powers on anything like equal terms. Feeling among the masses and also in large sections of the army was giving cause for great anxiety. The necessity for the introduction of real parliamentary government, against which, in accordance with the conservative principles of a lifetime, he struggled, became paramount. His health too was broken. His resignation was accepted on Sept. 30 1918. He died on Jan. 4 1919 at his country home at Ruhpolding in Upper Bavaria. He left reminiscences which were published in 1919 under the title of Erinnerungcn aus meinem Leben.
HERTZOG, JAMES BARRY MUNNIK (1866- ), Dutch South African politician, was born at Wellington, Cape Colony, in 1866, and was educated at the Victoria College, Stellenbosch, going afterwards to Amsterdam University. Returning to South Africa he settled in the Orange Free State, where he was called to the bar and was appointed a judge in 1895. During the South African War of 1899-1902 Hertzog served as a Boer general, though without conspicuous personal distinction in the field. Nevertheless he emerged from the war as one of the recognized leaders of the Free State Dutch, and took a leading part in the consultations of the Dutch leaders which preceded the Peace of Vereeniging. He resisted the policy of making an end of the war, and held out to the end against the moderate counsels of Trans- vaal leaders such as Gen. Botha and Gen. Smuts. This difference was smoothed over later, but the memory of it persisted and had a potent influence on the course of South African history. When responsible government was granted to the Orange River Colony in 1907 Hertzog became Attorney-General and Minister for Education with Abraham Fischer as Prime Minister. As Min- ister of Education he pursued with determination a policy of placing Dutch side by side with English as the medium of educa- tion, a policy sound enough in view of the racial circumstances of the country, but demanding the utmost skill and tact in its administration. Hertzog showed none of the gifts of the skilled administrator, and as his methods revealed themselves resentment and suspicion grew among the English-speaking people of the col- ony and from them spread throughout South Africa. The circum- stances of the time were difficult enough in themselves, but the contrast between the methods of the Botha Government in the Transvaal as to education and those of the Fischer Government in the Orange River Colony was for all to see. The complications of Hertzog's administration of the Education Department culminated in the summary dismissal by him of Mr. Fraser, an English-speaking inspector in the service of the Department. Hertzog justified this summary action in Parliament and before his constituents by making public accusations against the bona fides of Mr. Fraser, who brought a libel action against him, in which the verdict went heavily against Hertzog. Meanwhile the Union movement grew throughout South Africa. Hertzog was one of the representatives of the Orange River Colony on the National Convention which drafted the Union Act, and took office under Gen. Botha as the first Minister of Justice of the Union of South Africa in 1910. During the meetings of the Convention it had seemed that he was ready to obliterate the racial hatreds of the war, but his conduct as Minister of Justice soon showed that the old spirit of bitterness was still strong in him. He was a thorn in the side of the Botha Ministry, and at the end of 1912 the differences between him and his more moderate colleagues in the Cabinet became so plain that the patience of the Prime Minister could ignore them no longer. In Dec. 1912 Gen. Botha resigned, and taking office again, recon- structed his Ministry, leaving Hertzog out. This was the critical point in a long feud between Hertzog on one side and Botha and Smuts on the other. When the World War broke out, Hertzog, who by then had formed the Nationalist party in the South African Parliament and was in steady opposition to the Botha Ministry, resisted the cooperation of the Prime Minister and Smuts with Great Britain in the war. When, at the end of 1914, some of the Dutch-speaking people went into open rebellion, Hertzog hesitated and attempted to compromise, never bringing himself to utter any straight condemnation of rebellion. This course he and the Nationalists maintained throughout the war, drifting ultimately into a formal claim for a republic in South Africa. In two general elections during 1920, when Gen. Smuts had become Prime Minister after the death of Gen. Botha, Hert- zog maintained the Parliamentary strength of the Nationalist party, having refused reunion with the party led by Gen. Smuts on the ground that the claim could not be abandoned.
HERVIEU, PAUL (1857-1915), French dramatist and novelist (see 13.405), produced his last play, Le Destinest Maitre, in 1914. He died suddenly in Paris Oct. 25 1915.
See A. Binet, Portrait psychologique de Paul Hervieu (1914) ; H. Burckhardt, Studien zu Paul Herviey, (1917).
HEWLETT, MAURICE HENRY (1861- ), British man of letters (see 13.417). Later novels include Brazenhead the Great (1911); Mrs. Lancelot (1912); Bendish (1913); A Lover's Tale (1915); Love and Lucy (1916) and Main-waring (1921). In verse he also published Helen Redeemed and Other Poems (1913); The Village Wife's Lament (1918); Flowers in the Grass (1920), as well as various translations and imitations of the Norwegian sagas, notably Thorgils of Treadholt (1917). His son, Flight-Comm. FRANCIS ESME THEODORE HEWLETT (b. 1891), gained distinction in the R.N.A.S. during the World War, being one of the small force which set out to reconnoitre and photograph Cuxhaven on Christmas Day 1914. His seaplane was forced to descend, and he was picked up only after a week of buffeting with the sea. Throughout 1917 he was with the flying squadrons at Dunkirk, taking daily flights in all weathers to and from Dover. During 1918 he was at Mudros and thence made a flight to bomb Constantinople.
HEYSE, PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG (1830-1914), German novelist, dramatist and poet (see 13.438), received the Nobel prize for literature in 1910. His later works include Novellen vom Garda See (1902); Gegen den Strom (1907); Helldunkles Leben (1909); Italienische Volksmarchen (1914) and Letzle Novellen (1914). He died at Munich April 2 1914. Several volumes of his letters have appeared (1916, 1917, 1919); see also H. Raff, Paul Heyse (1910).
HIBBEN, JOHN GRIER (1861- ), American educator, was born at Peoria, 111., April 19 1861. He graduated from Princeton University in 1882; was a student at Princeton Theological Seminary from 1883 to 1886; and later studied at Berlin. In 1887 he was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian Church and was a pastor for four years at Chambersburg, Pa. In 1891 he returned to Princeton where he taught logic as an instructor (receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1893), assistant professor, and from 1907 professor. In 1912 he succeeded Woodrow Wilson as president. His works include Indiictive Logic (1896); The Problems of Philosophy (1898) ; Hegel's Logic (1902) ; Deductive Logic (1905) ; The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (1910, contributed to the Epochs mentioned below); A Defence of Prejudice and Other Essays (1911) and The Higher Patriotism (1915). He edited Epochs of Philosophy^, a series of twelve volumes written by distinguished scholars of America, Canada and Great Britain.
HICHENS, ROBERT SMYTHE (1864- ), English novelist, was born at Speldhurst, Kent, Nov. 14 1864. He was educated at Tunbridge Wells and Clifton College, and then became a student at the Royal College of Music, London, with a view to adopting music as a profession. He was, however, diverted to journalism and later to fiction. During his musical period he published some lyrics and short stories, besides a novel, The Coastguard's Secret, at the age of seventeen. But he first attracted serious attention with The Green Carnation (1894) and An Imaginative Man (1895). He followed these by some novels of London society such as The Londoners (1897) and The Woman with the Fan (1904) ; but his principal work in fiction was a series of novels with an Eastern setting, beginning with The Garden of Allah (1905) and including The Call of the Bleod (1906) and Bella Donna (1909). He also published certain travel sketches in
