On Aug. 2 1914 the capital and the chief railway bridges were seized by German troops, which had already entered the country on the previous day. The protests of the Grand Duchess Marie Adelaide and the Government were ignored, and the country remained in German hands for the remainder of the World War. The native authorities were allowed to conduct the civil administration, but there was a strict German censorship of post, telegraphs and telephones, and for some time the German Emperor resided in the Grand Duchy. There were no allegations of German atrocities, but the openly Francophil attitude of the inhabitants led to a good deal of friction and was probably responsible for such events as the Cabinet crisis of 1915. The American troops which entered the capital after the Armistice, on Nov. 22 1918, were received with the greatest enthusiasm.
On the conclusion of the war it became necessary to reconsider both the position of the Grand Duchy as a member of the German Zollverein and of the Grand Duchess, whose German sympathies were in conflict with the general views of her subjects. She accordingly abdicated in favour of her sister Charlotte Adelgonde early in 1919, and a referendum was held later in the year to decide the political and economic future of the country. The Treaty of Versailles acquitted Luxemburg of her obligations towards Germany, and it was known that the Peace Conference would not permit the resumption of the old relation, even if the Luxemburgers had wished it. Voters were therefore asked to choose between economic union with France and with Belgium, and between the existing Grand Duchess, a new ruler, and a republic. They resolved by a large majority upon economic union with France and on the retention of their constitution and of the Grand Duchess Charlotte. (R. G. C.)
LUZZATTI, LUIGI (1841–), Italian statesman and economist (see 17.148), was Minister of Agriculture in the second Sonnino Cabinet (Dec. 2 igoo-March 21 1910), and on the resignation of the latter was called upon to form a Cabinet him- self. His administration, which lasted until March 18 1911, was not very successful. Although a man of first-class financial ability, great honesty and wide culture, he had not the strength of character necessary to lead a Government; he showed lack of energy in dealing with opposition and tried to avoid all measures likely to make him unpopular. Furthermore he never realized that with the Chamber, as it was then constituted, he only held office at Giolitti's good pleasure. During the World War he was consistently pro-Ally and strongly supported Italian intervention, but his tone was on the whole pessimistic. Although he did not take office while the war lasted, he was always consulted on all financial matters, and his sound advice was generally followed. He became Treasury Minister in the second incarnation of the Nitti Cabinet (March 12–May 10 1920), but did not resume office in the third. At the general elections of May 1921 he decided not to stand for Parliament again, and was made a senator. In spite of his great age, he continued to write on economic and financial problems with his accustomed lucidity and soundness of judgment, insisting on the necessity for Italy to return to freedom of trade and to reduce Government interference in business matters to a minimum.
LVOV, PRINCE GEORGE EUGENIEVICH (1861–, Russian statesman, was born in 1861, and belonged to the old Russian nobility. After taking his degree in law in 1885, he spent the greater part of his life in Zemstvo work. He was a member of the executive board of the Tula Zemstvo from 1888 and president of the same from 1902 to 1905. In 1905 he was elected member of the first State Duma and joined the right wing of the Constitutional-Democratic party; he also took part in the All-Russian Assembly of Zemstvos. He refused to sign the Viborg manifesto. In 1909 Lvov went to Canada to study the emigration question in that country.
During the Russo-Japanese War Lvov was the leader of the Zemstvos' organization for the relief of wounded and disabled soldiers. The Minister of the Interior, M. Plehve, tried to stop the development of the Zemstvo work in this direction, because he disapproved of its liberal tendencies. But Lvov contrived to extend the activities of his organization in such a way that even the Government were obliged to recognize the ability of its work and on many occasions called upon it for assistance. From the beginning of the World War Lvov took a leading part in the organization of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos and Towns for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers, of which he was the president. The activities of this organization were of the greatest value to the army; the administrative incompetence of the Government obliged the latter against its will to enlarge the sphere of action of the Zemstvos' Union, which took a large share in the supervision of production and distribution of muni- tions and food supplies. In the conflicts which arose continually between the Government and the Zemstvos, Lvov always defended the independence of his organization. He also participated in the manifestations directed towards liberal reforms during the last period of the old regime.
As one of the most popular public men of Russia he was elected Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior of the first Russian Provisional Government, on March 14 1917. Unfortunately he did not possess the qualities needed to save Russia from the approaching catastrophe. His popularity diminished with amazing rapidity and in a few weeks his Government proved a complete failure. On May 19 Lvov addressed a letter to Rodzianko and Tchkeidze, insisting on the creation of a Coalition Government. The new Cabinet was formed on May 1 7, and Lvov again accepted the leadership of the Cabinet and the portfolio of the Interior, but he had no real influence in political life, and he resigned from both offices on July 7, ceding the place to the first Kerensky Government. Lvov was arrested and imprisoned in Ekaterin- burg after the Bolshevist revolution, but he escaped to Siberia and was sent to Japan as the head of a deputation of the anti-Bolshevist Ufa Government. From Tokyo he proceeded to Europe by way of the United States. On his arrival in Paris Lvov took an active part in the anti-Bolshevist agitation and joined the so-called " Political Consultation " in Paris. Together with some other Russian public men he protested against the proposal of the Prinkipo Conference, and warned the Allies that no treaty with the Soviet Government would be recognized by the future Government of Russia. Lvov always advocated loyalty to the Western Alliance and admitted of no compromise with the Bolsheviks.
LYALL, SIR ALFRED COMYN (1835–1911), English writer (see 17.148), died in the Isle of Wight April 10 1911.
LYALL, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1845–1920), English orientalist, was born in London March 9 1845 and educated at King’s College, London, and Balliol College, Oxford. He entered the Bengal civil service in 1867 and had a distinguished career as an administrator, becoming secretary to the Home Department of the Government of India in 1889, chief commissioner of Assam in 1894 and of the Central Provinces from 1895 to 1898, whence he was transferred to the India Office at home as secretary to the Judicial and Public Department, a post which he held until his retirement in 1910. But his greatest claim to distinction lay in his studies in Arabic literature. He published two volumes of translations of Arabic poetry (1885 and 1894), a translation of two ancient Arabic Diwāns (1913), as well as articles on Hindustani and Arabic literature in the E.B. 9th and 11th editions. He was made K.C.S.I, in 1897, and was elected a fellow of the British Academy, and he received hon. degrees from the universities of Oxford, Edinburgh and Strassburg. He died in London Sept. 2 1920.
LYAUTEY, LOUIS HUBERT GONZALVE (1854–), French marshal, was born at Nancy Nov. 17 1854. He entered St. Cyr in 1873 and two years later was appointed a sub-lieutenant. He was nominated to the old staff corps (Corps d’État-Major), but when that corps was abolished transferred to the cavalry, with which he served chiefly in Algeria until 1894. He became a lieutenant in 1878, a captain in 1882 and major in 1893. In 1894 he was made chief-of-staff to Gen. Gallieni, and took part in the operations in the upper valley of the Song-Caw in 1895 and against the pirates of Upper Tonkin in 1896. In the latter year he went with Gen. Galli6ni to Madagascar and took an important part in restoring French domination in that island. He
