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ton and elsewhere); Our Military History, Its Facts and Fallacies (1916); and Universal Military Training (1917).

See I. F. Marcosson, Leonard Wood, Prophet of Preparedness (1917); Joseph H. Sears, The Career of Leonard Wood (1919); and Leonard Wood on National Issues (1920), compiled by Evan J. David.

WOODGATE, WALTER BRADFORD (1841–1920), British oarsman and barrister, was born at Belbroughton, Worc., Sept. 20 1841. He was the eldest son of Canon Henry Arthur Woodgate, who was a fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford, and Hampton lecturer in 1838. He was educated at Radley College, and Brasenose College, Oxford, and during his undergraduate course he founded Vincents’ Club. In 1872 he was called to the bar; but it is as a first-class oarsman and journalistic critic of rowing that he is remembered. He rowed for his own college, and in 1862 and 1863 in the winning eight for Oxford. In 1864 he won the Diamond sculls after a dead heat two years previously (see 23.784), and in 1865 he was in the winning eight for the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley. He contributed the volume on Boating to the Badminton Library, and also wrote Oars and Sculls , and how to use them (1889) and the Reminiscences of an Old Sportsman (1909). He was also the author of A Modern Layman’s Faith (1893) and of one or two novels. He died at Southampton Nov. 1 1920.

WOODS, HENRY GEORGE (1842–1915), English divine, was born at Woodend, Northants., June 16 1842. He was educated at Lancing and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he had a distinguished career. In 1865 he became a fellow of Trinity, and in 1866 was ordained. He was a tutor at Trinity from 1866 to 1880, and bursar from 1867 to 1887, in which year he was elected president of Trinity. He resigned the presidency of Trinity in 1897, and from 1900 to 1004 was rector of Little Gaddesden, Herts, and chaplain and librarian to Lord Brownlow at Ashridge Park. In 1905 he succeeded Ainger as Master of the Temple. He died at the Master’s House, Temple, July 19 1915.

His wife, MARGARET LOUISA WOODS (b. Nov. 20 1856), poet and novelist, was married to him in 1879. Her first novel, A Village Tragedy, appeared in 1887, and her first volume of verse, Lyrics and Ballads, in 1889. Later novels included Esther Van- homrigh (1891); The Vagabonds (1894); Sons of the Sword (1901), arid The Invader (1907). In The Princess of Hanover (1902) she essayed historical drama. In 1913 her Collected Poems were published.

WOODWARD, HENRY (1832–1921), English geologist (see 28.804), died at Bushey, Herts, Sept. 6 1921.

WOODWARD, HORACE BOLINGBROKE (1848–1914), English geologist (see 28.804), died Feb. 5 1914.

WOOL (see 28.805). The functions of " supply " and "demand," of " free-trade " and " controlled trade " in the wool industry, during the decade 1910–20, form a very interesting study for the economist. The situations before, during, and after the war are best shown separately:

I. BEFORE THE WAR (1911 to 1914)

(a) Wool Production.—The best available statement of the world's sheep and wool production is given in Table i ; it includes figures of the pre-war and post-war periods.

TABLE i. The World's Sheep and Wool. 1

From these statistics the following interesting deductions are to be drawn. It is somewhat surprising to find Europe heading the list of wool-growing continents. This is largely due to the flocks of European Russia: 320,000,000 Ib. of wool (pre-war) are credited under this head, and this probably explains the source of German wool clothing during the latter days of the war. What had become of this huge quantity latterly was not on record in 1921. Incidentally it would certainly appear that the continent of Europe as a wool-growing continent had not claimed the attention merited. In most respects Europe com- pared more than favourably with other continents, and it was only owing to the diversity of interests, languages, etc., that this was not more in evidence. If the nations of Europe would all pull together, that continent would probably have more to give to the world than to receive.

Europe and North America, being by far the greatest manu- facturing centres in the world, have practically consumed the whole of the very large surplus stocks from the other wool- growing countries, apparently in the proportions of 80% for Europe and 20% for North America. The marked difference in the weights of the'fleeces produced as indirectly shown by this table is obviously worthy of careful consideration.

(b) Wool Distribution. The detailed figures respecting local supplies, importations and reexportations are very con- fusing. The figures in Table 2 may be taken with exceptions to be presently noted as an indication of the wool each impor- tant manufacturing country received. One or two questions TABLE 2. Wool-manufacturing Countries.

Country

Imported for Manufac- turing

Local Supplies

Total

I. France (1909) 2. United King- dom (1911) 3. United States 4. Germany 5. Russia . 6. Belgium.

623,000,000

490,307,000 251,000,000 517,000,000 94,000,000 355,000,000

75,000,000

90,000,000 304,000,000 25,600,000 320,000,000' i ,000,000

698,000,000

580,307,000 555.ooo,ooo 542,600,000 414,000,000' 356,000,000

Austria, Hungary, Italy and the Netherlands follow in the order named.

1 These figures require careful consideration. Probably a large proportion of this wool is usually manufactured in other countriel notably Germany and Britain.

here arise. The United Kingdom is credited with manufactur- ing 90,000,000 Ib. approximately of a 120,000,000 Ib. clip. It must not be forgotten, however, that a very considerable amount of the world's wool supply passes through the London or Liver- pool wool sales, as is shown by Table 3:

TABLE 3. United Kingdom Imports and Exports (1911).

Imports

Exports

Retained

Colonial Foreign Totals

659,511,000 135,004,000 794,515,000

304,208,000

490,307,000

The colonial (and foreign) wool not accounted for by Table 3 Js no doubt sold direct to the manufacturing countries. This is indicated by the sales of South African wools for the year 1913 (Table 4).

.Sheep

Wool in Ib.

l ABLE 4. vistnoution 0} South. African Wools.

Pre-war

Post-war

Pre-war

Post-war

1913

1919

Europe Australasia. . S. America . N. America Asia . Africa Central America and W. Indies

Total

177,981,207 96,189,727 118,638,046

54,053,409 92,318,419

63,432,755 710,380

171,026,261 107,467,005 72,342,762 49-549,458 96,735,546 69,114,685

803,400,043 645,132,880 482,640,707 303,473,000 273,146,000 219,919,000

750,000

751,104,667 852,122,484 487,180,000 327,829,531 326,505,000 219,919,000

750,000

United Kingdom Germany . . . Belgium France . Italy United States Japan

96,028,737 61,123,713 20,695,225 4,898,212 924,852 221,522

96,462,203

12,662,059

9,588,452 43,002 71,502,522 .

?Q,8oO.6d8

An analysis of S. American exports would, no doubt, show by far the larger porportion of S. American wools passing directly to Belgium, France, Germany and the United States, a large quantity, of course, passing through the Antwerp sale-rooms. (c) Tendencies in Production and Distribution. In wool production from 1910 to 1914 there is little to note. S. Africa

603,323,943

566,235,717

2,728,461,630

2,965,410,682

1 Chiefly from the Wool Review of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers, United States.