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CONTENTS
xiii
SECTION PAGE 162. Normal line to a surface................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................266 163. Another form of the equations of the tangent line to a skew curve................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................268 164. Another form of the equation of the normal plane to a skew curve................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................269 CHAPTER XXI
CURVES FOR REFERENCE
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER XXII
INTEGRATION. RULES FOR INTEGRATING STANDARD ELEMENTARY FORMS165. Integration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................279 166. Constant of integration. Indefinite integral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................281 167. Rules for integrating standard elementary forms................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................282 168. Trigonometric differentials................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................298 169. Integration of expressions containing or by a trigonometric substitution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................304 CHAPTER XXIII
CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION170. Determination of the constant of integration by means of initial conditions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307 171. Geometrical signification of the constant of integration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307 172. Physical signification of the constant of integration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................309 CHAPTER XXIV
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL173. Differential of an area................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................314 174. The definite integral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................314 175. Calculation of a definite integral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................316 176. Calculation of areas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................318 177. Geometrical representation of an integral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................319 178. Mean value of................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................320 179. Interchange of limits................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................320 180. Decomposition of the interval................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321 181. The definite integral a function of its limits................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321 182. Infinite limits................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321 183. When is discontinuous................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................322