as if the climate was too damp and equable to suit it. Pinus insularis from Manila, a three-leaved pine, was making a wonderful leading shoot 5 to 6 feet long, and Pinus Merkusi, which forms large forests at 5,000 feet in Sumatra, grew well. Agathis loranthifolia was a fine tree about forty years old and measured 70 feet by 9 feet 10 inches. Xanthorrhœa Preissii from North Australia was one of the most striking trees in appearance, and was 25 feet high.
The soil of all this district is, like much of Java, volcanic and very rich; the rainfall is about 150 inches, with no regular dry season; and, as Wallace long ago pointed out, the seasons are very different from those of East Java.
I have rarely had a more interesting and pleasant day among rich, beautiful surroundings than the one I spent at Tchibodas, and this was largely due to the accurate knowledge of my guide, Mr. Wygman.
The next day we drove about twelve miles down the valley to the station of Tandjoer, and on by rail to the large town of Bandoeng, the capital of the Preanger district. Here we got a motor-car and drove about twelve miles through a level rice-growing country to the foot of the valley, which we ascended for another twelve miles to the large Government plantation of Tjendjeroven, which has been for many years the principal cinchona establishment in West Java. Here Mr. Van Lensum, the Director, was good enough to show us the plantation and factory where the bark is dried and sent to Bandoeng to be manufactured into quinine. The culti¬ vation is at an elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, on the gentle slope of a mountain on rich volcanic soil, which seemed to me superior to the plantations in Ceylon, Sikkim and British Bhutan. The rainfall is about 100 inches, and plantations which were commenced about fifty years ago now extend to about 2,000 acres and employ as many hands. The Director’s house is in a beautiful situation close to the virgin forest which clothes the ridge of the mountain, and near it are trees of all the different species of cinchona which at various times have been introduced and tried. But none of them is found to equal the variety known as C. Ledgeriana, some trees of which have produced as much as 1 2 to 13 per cent, of sulphate from the stem bark, 8 or 9 per cent, from the root bark, and 6 or 7 per cent, from the bark of the branches. From the best of these trees only seed is collected, and the seedlings are planted on their own roots on the best land, whilst on inferior land they are grafted on stocks of hybrid, C. succirubra, which are more vigorous but not so rich in quinine. The largest trees of pure C. succirubra near the factory are thirty years old and from 70 to 80 feet high; one on the outside of the grove measured 80 feet by 5 feet 9 inches, with a straight clean stem, whilst the largest tree, C. Ledgeriana, planted in 1866, was about 40 feet by 4 feet 3 inches, and does not look as if it would grow taller. Some trees of this age have produced as much as 100 kilos of 6 per cent. bark. The plantations are made closely, so as to cover and shade the soil quickly, and are highly cultivated by hoeing. As soon as the trees become crowded, all the worst are taken out and barked, leaving the trees about 6 feet apart in the lines, with the rows 9 feet
apart, and the bark from the thinnings is found to pay the expense of plant-
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