secondly, for its example of palace architecture of the best Hindu period (1486–1516) ; and thirdly, as the fortress
capital of one of the greatest native chiefs of India.
Jain Remains.—There are several remarkable Hindu temples in Gwalior. One, known as the Sas Bahu, understood to be of Jain erection, is beautifully adorned with bas-reliefs, and is now resorted to both by the Vaislmav and Siva sects. It was finished in 1093 a.d., and, though much dilapidated, still forms a most picturesque fragment. An older Jain temple has been used as a mosque. Another temple in the fortress of Gwalior is called the Teli-ka- Mandir, or "Oilman s Temple." This building was originally dedicated to Vishnu, but afterwards converted to the worship of Siva. The most striking part of the Jain remains at Gwalior is a series of caves or rock-cut sculptures, excavated in the rock on all sides, and numbering nearly a hundred, great and small. Most of them are mere niches to contain statues, though some are cells that may have been originally intended for residences. One curious fact regarding them is that, according to inscriptions, they were all ex cavated within the short period of about thirty-three years, between 1441 and 1474. Some of the figures are of colossal size ; one, for instance, is 57 feet high, which is taller than any other in the north of India.
Hindu Palace Architecture.—The palace built by Man Sinh (1486–1516) forms the most interesting example of early Hindu work of its class in India. Another palace of even greater extent was added to this one in 1516; both Jahangir and Shah Jahan added palaces to these two, -the whole making a group of edifices unequalled for picturesqueness and interest by anything of their class in Central India. Among the apartments in the palace was the celebrated chamber, named the Bdradari, supported on 12 columns, and 45 feet square, with a stone roof, forming one of the most beautiful palace-halls in the world. It was, besides, singu larly interesting from the expedients to which the Hindu architect was forced to resort to imitate the vaults of the Moslems. Of the buildings, however, which so excited the admiration of the emperor Babar, probably little now remains.
Rock Fortress.—The fort of Gwalior stands on an isolated rock. The face of the fort is perpendicular, and where the rock is naturally less precipitous it has been scarped. Its greatest length from north east to south-west is a mile and a half, and the greatest breadth 300 yards. The rock attains its maximum height of 342 feet at the northern end. A rampart, accessible by a steep road, and farther up by huge steps cut out of the rock, surrounds the fort. The citadel stands at the north-eastern corner of the enclosure, and presents a very picturesque appearance. The old town of Gwalior, which is of considerable size, but irregularly built, and extremely dirty, lies at the eastern base of the rock. It contains the tomb of Muhammad Ghaus, which was erected during the early part of Akbar s reign. The fort of Gwalior, according to Wilford, was built in 773 a.d. by Surya Sen, the raja of the neighbouring country. In 1196 Gwalior was captured by Mahnn id Ghori ; it then passed into the hands of several chiefs until in 1556 Akbar gained posses sion of it, and made it a state prison for captives of miik. On the dismemberment of the Delhi empire, Gwalior was seized by the Jiit rand of Gohad. Subsequently it was garrisoned by Sindhia, from whom it was wrested in 1780 by the forces of the East India Company. A contest took place about the successor of Janakji, fovernor of Gwalior, the adopted son of Daulat Rao Sindhia, who led in 1843 without an heir. A revolution was impending, and the British Government had to interfere. Troops crossed the Chambal, and unexpectedly found the insurgent forces drawn up at Maharajpur, a few miles distant from the fortress. A battle ensued on the 29th December 1843, resulting in the complete overthrow of the Marhattas. The British contingent stationed in the town was increased, and affairs were placed on a peaceful footing.
GWILT, Joseph (1784–1863), author of the Encyclo paedia of Architecture, was the younger son of George Gwilt, architect surveyor to the county of Surrey, and was born at Southwark, January 11, 1784. He was educated at St Paul s school, and after a short course of instruction in his father s office was in 1801 admitted a student of the Royal Acidemy, where in the same year he gained the silver medal for his drawing of the tower and steeple of St Dunstan-in-the-East. In 1811 he published a Treatise on the Equilibrium of Arches, and in 1815 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. After a visit to Italy in 1816, he published in 1818 Notitia Archi- tectonica Italiana, or Concise Notices of the Buildings and Architects of Italy. In 1825 he published, with notes and valuable additions, an edition of Sir William Chambers s Treatise on Civil Architecture; and among his principal other contributions to the literature of his profession are a trans lation of the Architecture of Vitruvius (1826), a Treatise on the Rudiments of Architecture, Practical and Theoretical (1826), and his valuable Encyclopaedia of Architecture (&ity, which has passed through a great many editions, and was published with additions by Wyatt Papworth in 1867. In recognition of Guilt s advocacy of the importance to archi tects of a knowledge of mathematics, he was in 1833 elected a member of the Royal Astronomical Society. In addition to the sciences bearing on his profession he took a special interest in philology and music, and is the author of Rudi ments of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue (1829), and of the article " Music " in the Encyclopedia Metropolitan. His works as a practical architect are not of much importance, the principal being Markree Castle near Sligo in Ireland, and St Thomas s Church at Charlton in Kent, He succeeded his father as a surveyor of sewers for the county of Surrey, and held that office till 1848. He died September 14, 1863.
GWYNIAD is the name given to a fish of the genus Coregonus (C. clupeoides), inhabiting the large lakes of North Wales and the north of England. At Ullswater it is known by the name of " schelly," at Loch Lomond by that of "powen." It is tolerably abundant in Lake Bala, keeping to the deepest portion of the lake for the greater part of the year, but appearing in shoals near the shores at certain seasons. It is well flavoured, like all the species of Coregonus, but scarcely attains to the weight of a pound. The name gwyniad is a Welsh word, and signifies " shining" ; audit is singular that a similar fish in British Columbia, also belonging to the family of Salmonoids, is called by the natives "quinnat," from the silvery lustre of its scales, the word having in their language the same meaning as the Welsh "gwyniad."
GYARMAT, a Magyar term signifying colony, and applied to several places in Hungary. Of these the following two towns have the largest number of inhabitants.
Balassa-Gyarmat, capital of the Cis-Danubian county of N6grad, is situated on the Ipoly (Eipel), about 40 miles N.N.E. of Budapest, 48 6 N. lat., 19 16 E. long. It is the seat of a royal court of law and of the assizes, and has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, also a Jews synagogue, a fine county hall, a house of correction, a religious institute for girls, and tax, post, and telegraph offices. In 1870 the population was 6435, Magyars and Slavs by nationality.
Füzes-Gyarmat, a market-town in the Trans-Tibiscan county of Bekes, is somewhat unfavourably situated in the extensive marshy tract of country known as the Sarret, 47 5 N. lat., 21 13 E. long. The town has few noteworthy buildings, with the exception of the Calvinist church and some elegant private residences. The chief products of the rich, dark, alluvial soil of the neighbourhood are wheat, tobacco, hay, grapes, and other fruits. Horned cattle, pigs, and sheep (both merino and Hungarian) are bred on the wide-spreading pasture-lands, and numerous water-fowl and wading birds, especially herons, inhabit the reed-covered marshes. The water used for drinking purposes is, however, frequently muddy and warm, and un pleasant to the taste. In 1870 the population was 5735, of whom the great majority were Magyars.
GYARMATHA, a market-town in the county of Temes, Hungary, situated in a level but productive agricultural district to the north-east of Temesvar, 45 50 N. lat., 21* 17 E. long. For some distance round the town the cultivation of wheat, barley, oats, maize, and the vine is largely carried on. Horse-breeding is another source of employment to many of the inhabitants. Gyarmatha has few buildings of special interest with the exception of a Roman Catholic church and the ruins of a fort. In 1870 the population amounted to 5125, consisting of Germans, Magyars, and Wallachs.
