GYERGYÓ-SZENT-MIKLÓS, a market-town of Hungary, in the Transylvanian county of Csik, is situated in a mountainous but well-wooded district, 96 miles E. of Klausenburg, and about 25 W. of the Moldavian frontier, 46 42 N. lat., 25 33 E. long. Among the more im portant buildings are a Roman and a Greek Catholic church, a fine public school, a royal court of justice, and the post and telegraph offices. There are also cattle and timber trading houses, an office of woods, a financial commission agency, aud a police station. Cattle and sheep are reared in great numbers in the surrounding country, which is noted also for its cheeses, and for the preparation of gin. The number of inhabitants at the commencement of 1870 was 5645, consisting of Magyars, Wallachs, and Magyarized Armenians, the descendants of a band of wanderers who settled here in 1668.
GYGES, founder of the third dynasty, called Mermnad, of Lydian kings, reigned about 687–654 b.c. (v. Gelzer in Rhein. Mus., xxx.). The kindred name Gygsea, applied by Homer (//., ii. 684) to the Maconian lake, mother of the Maconian leaders, supports the statement of ancient historians that he belonged to an old Lydian family. In the reign of Candaules, Gyges, perhaps after banishment, attempted during the troubles caused by the Cimmerian invasions into Asia Minor, to gain the royal power. He was aided by foreign, especially Carian, mercenaries; but was strenuously resisted by the native population. At last it was agreed to refer the decision between the oldHeraclid dynasty and the new claimant to the national god Heracles; but, to ensure impartiality, they appealed to him under his Greek form of Apollo. The Delphic oracle gave its answer in favour of Gyges, and the presents with which his gratitude enriched the shrine were seen and described by Herodotus. This story points to familiar and friendly intercourse between Lydia and the Greek states ; and that the circumstance impressed itself on the Hellenic mind is shown by many romantic tales current about the fortunes of Gyges (Plato, Rep., ii. p. 369 ; Herod., i. 8). The contemporary poet Archilochus .speaks of the riches of Gyges. Under the Heraclid dynasty Ionian settlers had occupied the whole coast of Lydia, and in friendly relation with the country had rapidly prospered. But the warrior king who now began to rule was not content to leave the sea-coast in the undisturbed possession of foreigners. He and his successors maintained almost constant war with the Ionian cities. Gyges captured Magnesia and the lower city of Colophon ; but the inroads of the Cimmerians diverted his attention from conquest to the defence of his own capital. At one time he was so hard pressed that he applied to Assyria for help (about 660 b.c.), and paid tribute to Assurbanipal in return for protection against these barbarians. But he afterwards threw off allegiance and assisted Psammetichus, who had revolted in Egypt against the Assyrian rule. It is mentioned in an inscription of Assurbanipal that Gyges was slain in battle by the Cimmerians, and that his son Ardys renewed the tribute.
For a full account of the reign of Gyges, and the ancient authorities for it, see Duncker, Gesch. d. Alterthums, vol. ii.
GYLLEMBOURG-EHRENSVÄRD, Thomasine Kristine, Baroness (1773–1856), the most eminent female writer of Denmark, was born November 9, 1773, at Copen hagen. Her maiden name was Buntzen. Her great beauty early attracted notice, and before she was seventeen she married the famous political writer Peter Andreas Heiberg, To him she bore in the following year a son, afterwards illustrious as the poet and critic Johan Ludvig Heiberg. In 1800 her husband was exiled and she obtained a divorce, marrying in December 1 801 the Swedish Baron Ehrensvard, himself a political fugitive. Her second husband, who presently adopted the name of Gyllembourg, died in 1815. In 1822 she followed her son to Kiel, where he was appointed professor, and in 1825 she returned with him to Copenhagen. In 1827 she first appeared as an author by publishing her romance of The Polonius Family in her son s newspaper The Flying Post. In 1828 the same journal contained The Magic Ring, which was immediately followed by An Everyday Story. The success of this anonymous work was so great that the authoress adopted until the end of her career the name of " the Author of An Everyday Story" From this time forward she took a foremost place among the writers of her time, but preserved her anonymity with entire success. In 1833-34 she published three volumes of Old and Neiv Novels. New Stories followed in 1835 and 1836. In 1839 appeared two novels, Montanus the Younger and RiciJa; in 1840, One in All; in 1841, Near and Far; in 1843, A Correspondence; in 1844, The Cross Ways ; in 1845, Two Generations. From 1849 to 1851 the Baroness Ehrensvard-Gyllembourg was engaged in bringing out a library edition of her collected works in twelve volumes, On the 2d of July 1 856 she died in her son s house at Copenhagen. Not until then did the secret of her author ship transpire ; for throughout her life she had preserved the closest reticence on the subject even with her nearest friends. The style of Madame Ehrensvard Gyllembourg is clear and sparkling ; for English readers no closer analogy can be found than between her and Mrs Gaskell, and Cranfard might well have been written by the witty Danish authoress. She introduced into the literature of her country a novel vein of realism and domestic humour, and, although she has had many imitators, she is still without a rival.
a building designed for the practice of physical exercises. From the earliest times we hear of athletic sports in honour of heroes and gods. Sometimes they are celebrated among the funeral rites of a deceased chief, sometimes they form part of a periodic festival. At first competitors exercised stript of their outer garments (yvf^voC) ; hence arose the name gymnasium. Afterwards the habit of exercising naked became universal. In the continuance of their history the Greeks grew more attached to such sports ; their free active life, spent to a great extent in the open air, fostered the liking almost into a passion. The victor in any athletic contest, though he gained no money prize, was rewarded with the honour and respect of his fellow- citizens ; and a victory in the great religious festivals was counted an. honour for the whole state. In these circum stances the training of competitors for the greater games became a public concern; special buildings and officials were provided for the purpose by the state. But, as gym nastics became more and more an institution of social life, the gymnasia were applied to other uses even more import ant. The most interesting points are the connexion with education on the one hand, with medicine on the other. Due training of the body and maintenance of the health and strength of children were the chief part of earlier education. Except the time devoted to letters and music, the education of boys was conducted in the gymnasia, where their moral training was as carefully attended to by special officers as their physical exercises. As they grew older conversation and social intercourse took the place of the more systematic discipline. Philosophers and sophists assembled to talk and to lecture in the gymnasia, which became places of general resort for the purpose of all less systematic intellectual pursuits, as well as for physical exercises. Plato, when treating of education, devotes much consider ation to gymnastics (see especially Rep. iii. and various parts of Leges). Gymnastic exercises proper were designed, not merely as in Sparta, to foster the taste for war and the
activity and strength needed for using weapons, but also to