RELIGION AND EDUCATION.] Military Fruutier. This accounts for a slight discrepancy with the above number of the civil population in the total of the following table (from MM. Ballagi and Kiraly), in which the population is arranged according to the new administrative divisions : Population. Hungary Proper and Transylvania 13,561,24s 1 Fiume and district 17,884 Croatia and Slavonia 1,156,025 Military Frontier 691,095 15,426,249 According to the Magyar Statistikai Evkonyv (Budapest, 1879), the number of births in Hungary Proper and Transylvania during the year 1876 was 623,849, viz., 320,470 boys and 303,379 girls; of these 23,060 boys and 21,889 girls were illegitimate. The number of deaths in that year was 478,684, of whom 250,698 were males and 227,986 females. The number of marriages was 135,011. At the census of 1870 there were in the whole Hungarian monarchy 180 cities and large towns, 769 rural towns, 16,376 villages, and 2,450,213 houses. Budapest, 2 the capital, contained 270,476 in habitants, Szeged 70,179, andSzabadka (Maria-Theresiopel) 56,323. Four towns contained between 40,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, 3 between 30,000 and 40,000, and 21 between 20,000 and 30,000. Zagrab (Agram), the capital of Croatia and Slavonia, had 19,857 inhabitants. ices. As regards nationality the Magyar or pure Hungarian race is the most numerously represented in the kingdom, amounting, accord ing to Dr Konek (see Schwicker, Statistik des Konigrciches Ungarn, 1877), to 6,176,612, or 40 per cent, of the whole civil population. The Magyar element is chiefly confined to Hungary Proper and Transylvania, only about 15,000 Magyars residing in Croatia and Slavonia. The German population amounts to 1,898,202 (12 3 pel- cent.), for the most part settled in the western and north-western counties of Hungary Proper, bordering on Austria, also in the county of Szepes in the north, in the former Banat, and in the Saxon counties of Transylvania. The Roumanians, estimated at 2,608,120 (16 9 per cent.), are mostly resident in Transylvania and the counties immediately abutting on it. The Slovaks amount to 1,835,334 (11-9 per cent), and the Ruthens to 469,420 (3 per cent), the former chiefly located in the north and north-west and the latter in the north-east of Hungary Proper. The aggregate num ber of Croats and Serbs is 2,380,985 (15 5 per cent.), chiefly con fined to Croatia and Slavonia and the Military Frontier, where they form 97 per cent, of the population, to the former Servian-Banat, and the southern counties of Hungary Proper. The other nation alities, comprising Armenians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Macedo-Wal- lachians, Albanians, French, and Italians, are not largely repre sented, their total number being estimated at only 48,654 (about 3 per cent.); the Italians are, however, to be met with in con siderable numbers at Fiume and in its vicinity. In the above statistics the Jews scattered over the country, and amounting alto gether to rather more than half a million, have been reckoned with the various nationalities where they happen to be settled. 3 The Gipsies, classed partly as Magyars partly as Roumanians, and roughly estimated at 145,000, have their colonies in various parts of the monarchy, but more particularly in Transylvania, and in the county of Gb mb r in Hungary Proper. On the whole the Magyar element may be said to predominate in 27 of the 65 (new) counties appertaining to the mother country, the German or Magyar-German in 6, the Roumanian in 13, the Slovakian in 9, the Servian in 1, and the Ruthenian in 3. In 6 counties of Hungary Proper no one special nationality can be said to have, the absolute majority. I gioti. The total number of the various confessions for the whole popu lation (civil and military) has been computed thus: Roman Catholics 7,558, 558 Greek Catholics 1, 599, 628 Armenian Catholics 5,133 Greek (Eastern) Church 2,589,319 Armenians 646 Lutherans 1,113,508 Calvinists 2, 031 ,243 Unitarians 54,822 Other Christian sects 2,733 Jews 553,641 Other non-Christians 224 15,509,455 The Roman Catholics are in overwhelming majority in 32 coun ties, the adherents of the Greek (Eastern) Church in 11, the Greek Catholics in 10, and the Lutherans in 5. Further the Greek Orientalists have a majority in 6 counties, the Calvinists in 5, the Roman Catholics in 4, the Lutherans in 2, and the Greek Catholics in 1 The civil population of Hungary Proper and Transylvania at the end of 1876 was 13,070.624. 2 In 1876 the population of Budapest, including military, was 300,208. 3 Cf. Dr Jos. Bergl, (leschichte der ungarisctien Juden, Leip>ie, 1879, 1 county. The Roman Catholic Church has 4 archbishops : Eszter- gom (Gran), Kalocsa, Eger (Erlau), and Zagrab (Agram), and 17 real diocesan bishops; to the latter must be added, moreover, the chief abbot of Pannonhalma, who likewise enjoys episcopal rights. The primate is the archbishop of Esztergom, who also bears the title of prince, and whose special privilege it is to crown the sove reigns of Hungary. The Greek Catholic Church, which is in con nexion with the Romish communion, owns besides the archbishop of Esztergom the archbishop of Gyulafehervar (Carlsburg), or rather Balasfalva (i.e., " Blasiusville "), and 6 bishops. The Armenian Catholic Church is partly under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic bishop of Transylvania, and partly under that of the Roman Catholic archbishop of Kalocsa. The Greek (Eastern) Church in Hungary is subject to the authority of the metropolitan of Carlowitz and the archbishop of Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt); under the former are the bishops of Bacs, Buda, Temesvar, Versecz, and Pakracz, and under the latter the bishops of Arad and Karansebes. The two great Protestant communities are divided into ecclesiastical districts, five for each; the heads of these districts bear the title of superintendents. The Unitarians, chiefly resident in Transylvania, are under the authority of a bishop, whose see is Klausenburg. The Jewish communities are comprised in ecclesiastical districts, the head direction being at Budapest. At the commencement of 1870 there were 19,858 clerics of various creeds in Hungary. Since the year 1867 great improvements have been effected in Educa- the educational system of Hungary, especially in Hungary Proper tion. and Transylvania. Before that year public instruction was in the hands of the ecclesiastics of the varioxis confessions, and the public schools had in consequence more or less of a denominational char acter. One of the first cares of the new responsible ministry of 1867 was to provide for the education of all children not attending the then existing scholastic establishments, by the introduction of supplementary non-denominational schools. By a law passed in 1868 the Government made it compulsory on children of both sexes between the ages of 6 and 12 to attend school, and it moreover re quired that children from 12 to 15 should attend the " repetition schools." The educational system of Croatia and Slavonia is auto nomous, being under the independent direction of the Croatian- Slavonian provincial government. The various educational establishments may be divided into four classes : common, middle, high, and special schools. In 1877 Hungary Proper and Transylvania had 15,486 belonging to the first- mentioned class ; of these 13,755 were private or denominational, and 1731 communal and state schools. These figures show a total increase of 2341 since the year 1865, when the number was only 13,145. It is estimated that at the end of 1877 there was one school for every 870 inhabitants. In that year the number of children between the ages of six and fifteen who came under the education act amounted to 2,127,950, and of these 1,559,636 or 73 per cent, attended ; whereas in 1869 the percentage of day scholars barely reached 48, showing an increase of 25 per cent, in the course of eight years. In 1874 there was already an attendance of 1,497,144, or nearly 70 per cent. The number of children who attended school in Croatia and Slavonia, with the Military Frontier, at that date was 73,635, making a general total for the whole of Hungary for the year 1874 of 1,570,779. On account of the variety of languages and races prevailing in many parts of Hungary, the education in numerous schools has to be conducted in two,, and in several instances even in three languages. Out of 15,486 schools 4 in Hungary Proper and Transylvania in 1877 Hungarian was used in 7024, German in 1141, Roumanian in 2773, Slovakian in 1901, Servian in 259, Croatian in 70, Ruthenian in 491, two languages in 1692, and three in 135. The aggregate number of teachers in the above schools was 20,717. The middle schools consist of the gymnasia, real-schools, and similar institutions. In 1874 there were in Hungary Proper and Transylvania 146 gymnasia, with 1734 teachers and 26,273 pupils ; in 1877 the gymnasia had increased to 149, the teachers to 1814, and the pupils to 31,455. In 1874 there were 32 real-schools, with 387 teachers and 7743 pupils ; in 1877 there were 26 5 such schools, with 383 teachers and 6647 pupils. The above results added together give an aggregate, for the year 1877, of 175 schools, 2197 teachers, and 38,102 pupils. With the omission of a few of a specially sectarian, technical, or private character, the total numbei of middle schools at that time in the whole Hungarian monarchy (including Croatia and Slavonia and the Military Frontier) was, as 1 nearly as can be computed, about 205, with some 2450 teachers, and 42,000 pupils. In the mother country there were also 51 training seminaries 6 for masters (2853 scholars), and 14 for mistresses (1138 scholars); of these 65 establishments, 16 of the former and 6 of the latter kind were state, and the remaining 43 confessional, viz., 26 Roman Catholic, 3 Greek Eastern Church, 4 Lutheran, 9 Calvinist, 4 Of the children who left these schools in 1877, the percentage of those who could both read and write was 85, of those who could only read 15.
- These figures refer to upper and lower real-schools fairly complete in their
formation. The total number of real-schools, perfect and imperfect, in the mother country, including also Fiume, was 8fi (viz.. 24 upper and 12 lower).
6 Chiefly for the lower or common school teachers.
