366 HUNGARY [GOVERNMENT. and 1 Jewish. The number of commercial schools was 24, with 129 masters and 1114 pupils. The high schools comprise the universities of Budapest, Kolozsvar (Klausenburg), and Zagrab (Agram), the Joseph-Polytechnic, the theological institutes, the law academies, &c. The Budapest uni versity (founded at Tyrnau in 1635) has four faculties, theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and philosophy. In the year 1877 the number of professors amounted to 166, and that of students to 2929 (in 1878 to 180 and 3117 respectively). The university of Kolozsvar was founded in 1872, and is similar in its organization to that of Budapest, excepting that it has a faculty for mathematics and natural science, but none for theology. The number of pro fessors in 1877 was 64, and that of students 391. Zagrab university was founded in 1869, but was not in active operation till 1874, and was even then incomplete in its formation. It has three faculties, jurisprudence, theology, and philosophy. The Joseph-Polytechnic, ranking as a high school at Budapest since 1871, had in 1877 as many as 56 professors with 800 students. The number of theological insti tutions in Hungary Proper and Transylvania at that date was 45, x with 284 professors and 1534 novices ; 25 of these institutions were Roman Catholic, 4 Greek Catholic, 3 Greek Eastern Church, 7 Lutheran, 5 Calvinistic, and 1 Unitarian. There were, moreover, 12 law academies, with 115 professors and 1067 students. In 1878 there were 125 professors and 1043 pupils. In Croatia and Slavonia there were 5 theological institutes (4 Roman Catholic and 1 Greek Eastern Church), with about 30 professors and some 200 students. The special schools are for particular branches of science and art. Among these are the school of design at Budapest ; the music academy (founded 1875) ; several establishments for teaching mining, at Selmecz (Schemnitz), Nagyag, Felsb-Banya ; farming and agriculture, at Magyar- Ovar (Altenburg), Keszthely, Kolozsvar, Debreczen ; and the management of forests, at Selmecz ; also in stitutes for the blind, deaf, and dumb, and for lunatics at Vacz (Waitzen), Budapest, and Pozsony ; and schools for veterinary surgery, obstetrics, &c. There are, moreover, military seminaries at Budapest, Kassa(Kaschau), Deva, Kbszeg (Guns), Fehertemplom, and Zagrab, and a naval school at Fiume. The Hungarian academy of sciences is the supreme representative of the national culture. First constituted with royal sanction in 1830, the academy in 1879 consisted of 321 (224 home and 97 foreign) members, arranged in 3 classes. Next follow the Kisfaludy (comprising in 1879 only 50 home and 15 foreign members) and Petbli societies of Budapest, the royal meteorological institute, and the medical and physical (natural science), historical, archaeological, geological, geographical (founded 1872), and philological (1875) societies. To these must be added the Roman Catholic St Stephen s union," the "Protestant union," the Zagrab "South Slavonian Academy" (founded 1861), and the various Transylvanian and provincial learned societies. Indus- As the industrial products and commerce of Hungary have been tries. already described in the article AUSTRIA (vol. iii. p. 119-121), we need only add here a few remarks as to the chief localities of certain trades and manufactures. Mann- The principal machine factories, foundries, bell and type works, and factures. works for iron and other metallic wares are at Pest, Buda, Temesvar, Resicza, Dibsgybr, and Sopron (Oedenburg). Boat-building is carried on at the chief towns on the great rivers, especially at Szeged, Arad, Buda, Komarom (Komorn), and Gyb r (Raab); steam-vessels are con structed at Buda and Fiume. The glass manufacture, mostly carried on in the hilly districts, is not yet fully developed, and the articles are of an inferior quality. The best manufactories of stoneware and earthenware are those of Csakvar, Pecs (Ftinfkirchen), Rimaszombat, Murany, Papa, Kb szeg(Giins), Iglo, Kbrmbczbanya, Zagrab, and Kra- pina ; of porcelain the most important is that of Herend. Debreczen, Papa, Selmeczbanya, a.nd Szigetvar are famed for their clay pipes. The preparation of chemical stuffs is carried on chiefly at Pest, Nagyszombat (Tyrnau), Pozsony (Pressburg), Nagyszeben(Hermann- stadt), and Ujmoldova ; whilst Debreczen and Szeged are noted for their soap and candles. Oil factories are numerous, especially in Hungary Proper and Transylvania ; the chief oil mills and refining houses are at Pest, New Pest, Rakospalota, Szekesfehervar (Stuhl- weissenburg), Gybr, Pozsony, Kassa (Kaschau), Temesvar, Brasso, (Kronstadt), and Cservenka, which last has forty mills. The manu facture of silk stuffs is still undeveloped, but there are spinneries at Nagyczenk, Hidja, Sopron, and Feltorony, also in the Banat, and in various parts of Transylvania and of the Frontier districts. Flax is mostly homespun, and confined to the commoner kinds of linen. There are factories for woollen yarn at Brasso, Nagyszeben, and Gurano, and for woollen stuffs at Losoncz and Szakolcza. Coarse cloth is made in many parts of the kingdom. Leather is prepared at Kassa, Pozsony, Rozsnyo (Rosenau), Kbrmend, Temesvar, Kes- mark, and Budapest. Paper is made at Diosgyor, Nezsider (Neu- siedl), Hermanecz, Szlabos, and Fiume. Breweries are chiefly to be found in the neighbourhood of the large towns, which contain a mixed population, as the Magyars are drinkers of wine and spirits 1 To the above must be now added the " JRabbinerschule," opened October 4, 1877, and numbering (in 1878-70) 31 pupils. rather than of beer ; the breweries of Kbbanya near Pest are the most extensive. The taste for beer is said to be increasing, although the total number of breweries in Hungary has since 1860 been steadily falling, and many of the smaller establishments no longer exist, or have been absorbed. A considerable quantity of beer is, moreover, imported from Bohemia and the neighbourhood of Vienna. The largest sugar-works are those of Surany, Moson (Wieselburg), Szent-Miklos, and Edeleny. The most important tobacco factories are those of Pest, Kassa, Debreczen, and Fiume. As regards the number of factories exact data are not forthcoming. It appears, however, that in 1874 there were in the whole kingdom altogether 82,570 spirit distilleries, of which 991 were substantial factories and 81,579 rural stills. The breweries in activity at that date amounted to 247, of which 211 were in the mother country, and 36 in Croatia and Slavonia. There were, besides, 20 sugar re fineries, and about 30,000 flour-mills of various descriptions, of which nearly 25,000 were in Hungary Proper and Transylvania. In fact the- preparation of flour, which is, moreover, largely exported to Germany and Switzerland, is one of the most im portant industries of Hungary. According to a report of M. de Hieronimy, under secretary of Commi state in the Hungarian ministry of public works, the length of nicatio Hungarian railways in operation in the } r ear 1867 was only 1375 English miles. The length of railways constructed from that date to the year 1876 amounted to 2675 miles, and thus at the beginning of 1877 there were 4050 miles of railway in operation in Hungary. By the early part of 1879 the total length was about 7000 kilometres or 4400 miles. There are also some 18,000 miles of highways (good and bad), and more than 2500 miles of navigable river and canal communication. The imports (including those from Austria) may beroughly estimated at 45,000, 000, and the exports at 35,000,000. There is also a considerable transit trade carried on between Austria and the western states and the regions of the lower Danube, estimated at 8,500,000 yearly. The number of freighted vessels that arrived at the ports of the Hungarian Littorale in 1876 was 3524, the number that left 3362 ; of the former 909, and of the latter 926 were steamers. Besides the several branches of the "Austrian-Hungarian Bank" Banks, at Budapest, Kassa (Kaschau), Debreczen, and Temesvar, Hungary possesses about 120 industrial, commercial, and credit banks. There are, moreover, 12 chambers of commerce and industry at Budapest, Pozsony (Pressburg), Kassa, Sopron (Oedenburg), Debreczen, Temes var, Arad, Kolozsvar (Klausenburg), Brasso (Kronstadt), Fiume, Zagrab (Agram), and Eszek. The number of savings banks is about 310 ; of other associations, such as loan societies, popular, mutual, and alliance banks, &c., the aggregate is over 200. In the year Post- 1876 the number of post-office orders issued amounted to 1,832,757. office. The total number of telegraphic messages sent, received, or trans mitted was 6,462,335. The aggregate of postal missives was 112,851,516; of these 46,617,106 were prepaid and 1,452,233 not prepaid letters ; 4,581,027 were registered, and 13,954,354 official letters; 9,016,232 were post- cards ; 28,876,062 were articles per newspaper, 1,364,490 per pattern, and 6,990,012 per book post. The form of government in Hungary is that of a constitutional Goverr monarchy. The sovereign power is at present vested in the house of nient. Hapsburg- Lorraine, whose descendants succeed by right of primo geniture in the male line. By virtue of the Pragmatic Sanction, females may also reign in the event of there being no male successor. The king is the guardian of the laws, and the head of the army and of the executive. His power is limited by parliament, which con sists of an upper and a lower house, and must be summoned yearly and elected triennially. The upper house comprises 407 members, viz., 3 princes of the reigning house, 31 Roman and Greek Catholic prelates, 11 standard-bearers, 57 lord-lieutenants of counties, 3 dukes, 219 counts, 81 barons, and 2 deputies for Croatia and Slavonia. The lower house, elected by the eligible tax-payers, consists of 446 members, of whom 403 represent Hungary Proper and Transylvania (including also Fiume), and 43 Croatia and Slavonia and the Military Frontier. The language used in the house is the Magyar, but the representatives of Croatia and Slavonia may use their native language. The executive is vested in a presi dent of the cabinet and the following ministries : court; finance; interior; religion and education; justice; public works; agriculture, industry, and commerce; honved (home-defence); and a ministry for Croatia and Slavonia, For matters relating to its special pro vincial administration, Croatia and Slavonia has at Zagrab (Agram) its own government, at the head of which is the ban, who is nomi nated by the king. The departments are three, interior and finance, religion and education, and justice. (For the relations of the kingdom of Hungary to the joint Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, and for the delegations, comparative revenue and ex penditure, joint army, &c. , see AUSTKIA, vol. iii. pp. 122, 123.) The judicial power is independent of the administrative, the func- Justi tions of the minister of justice being to see that the laws are properly applied. The supreme courts of justice, as also those of second instance for Hungary Proper and Transylvania and Fiume,
are at Budapest. There is also a secondary court of appeal at Maros-
