INDIANA 813 INDIANA Copyright, 1880, by Charles Scribiier s Sons. INDIANA, one of the Central States of the American Union, lies between 37 47 and 41 50 N. lat., and 84 49 and 88 2 W. long. It is bounded on the E. by the State of Ohio, from which it is separated by a line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami river ; on the S. by the Ohio river, separating it from Kentucky, between the mouths of the Great Miami and the Wabasli ; on the W. by Illinois, from which it is separated by the Wabash river from its mouth to a point where a line drawn due north from Vincennes last touches the western bank of that stream, thence north on that line to a point 10 miles north of the southern extreme of Lake Michi gan ; on the N. by a line drawn from that point due east until it intersects the eastern boundary, separating the State from Michigan. A small portion of Lake Michigan is included within the northern boundary. The coast-line is about GO miles in length. Michigan City is the only lake harbour in the State. The extreme length of the State is 276 miles, with an average breadth of 145 miles; and the area is 33,809 square miles. Topography. Indiana occupies a broad table-land, for the most part level or gently undulating, except along the Ohio, where the plain has been deeply grooved by the affluent streams into hills and valleys. There are no eleva tions that could properly be termed mountains or mountain ranges. With the exception of a small portion which drains into the great lakes, the whole State inclines gently towards the south-west. The highest point (except a knob in Brown county) is found in the southern portion of Ran dolph county, and is 1253 feet above the sea ; the lowest, at the mouth of the Wabash, is 370 feet. From careful surveys the mean altitude of the State is estimated at 735 feet above sea-level. It is well watered by numerous streams and rivers, but, with the exception of the Ohio and Wabash, few of them are navigable. The Wabash is the largest river that has its course mainly within the State ; and, together with its branches, it drains three-fourths of the entire surface. It rises in the west of Ohio, and flows first in a north-west direction, and then south-west till it meets the boundary of Illinois, which it follows southward for more than 100 miles, till it falls into the Ohio, after a course of upwards of 500 miles. The Ohio forms the entire southern boundary of the State. The other principal rivers of Indiana are tributaries of the Wabash. The White River, the most important of these, is formed by the W. and E. Forks, two rivers respectively about 300 and 200 miles long, which unite about 100 miles above its confluence with the Wabasli. The Maumee is formed by the St Joseph and St Mary in tho north-east, and falls into Lake Erie. The Upper St Joseph, with its tributaries, passes through the northern counties, and falls into Lake Michigan. That portion south of the Wabash was originally covered with heavy forests of oak, beech, maple, walnut, ash, and other hard woods ; north of that river was principally prairie, interspersed with small lakes. Geology and Minerals. Lower Silurian strata are well developed in the south-eastern part of the State, with a thickness of 800 feet. Next, to the west and north, in succes sion occur rocks of the Upper Silurian, with a thickness of 200 feet, and those of Devonian age, 180 feet thick. The last two formations spread over all the northern third of the State, deeply covered with glacial drift, and at points deeply eroded by ice and water flow of that age. The Coal- measures occupy over 7000 square miles in the western and south-western parts, furnishing seven workable seams, at a depth of 50 to 220 feet, and averaging 80 feet below the surface; the seams vary in thickness from 2^- to 11 feet, averaging 4- feet ; the quality is from fair to good , an area of 600 square miles in this field yields a superior " block " or splint coal. This, being free from sulphur and phosphorus, is used in blast furnaces as it comes from the mine, without coking, and is well adapted for the preparation of Bessemer steel. The Sub-Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone borders the Coal-measures on the south and east ; it yields giant bands of choice limestone for build ing purposes, 30 to 50 feet thick, unlimited in extent, homogeneous, elastic to compensate for inequalities of tem perature, and with endurance to bear the climatic changes. Near Leavenworth, in the southern part of the State, there is a remarkable calcareous cavern, the Wyandotte Cave. One of its chambers is 350 feet long and 245 in height. It abounds with stalactites and stalagmites of great variety and size. Inexhaustible beds of fire clay, potter s clay, kaolin, and lime, as well as paving and building stone, are found in the southern parts of the State. Agriculture is the chief branch of industry, the climate and soil being suited to the growth of cereals, fruits, and grasses. The following table, compiled from the report of the Bureau of Statistics, shows the production of the chief grain crops for 1880 : Acres. Bushels. Wheat.... 3 109 845 47 130 684 Indian corn 3,130,327 87,335 014 Oats 686,901 15 563 430 Rye .. 15 028 217 192 Barley 31,019 687,911 The meadow land amounted to 778,691 acres, and the hay produced was 1,221,164 tons. The same year the domestic animals numbered horses 494,809, cattle 1,150,559, sheep 1,508,242, and hogs 4,253,586. There were 145,826 stands of bees, yielding 1,114,883 ft of honey. Climate. The climate is equable and healthy. In 1865 a United States signal station was established at Indianapolis, and the following meteorological tables have been compiled from the daily reports of this office. They indicate the temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) and rain fall in inches during a period of fourteen years. The mean height of the barometer for the same period was 30 010 inches. The prevailing winds are from the south and west in summer, veering round to the north in winter. Mean Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for Fourteen Years. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. November. December. Temperature 31-3 367 41-8 54-1 64-4 74-3 77-7 75-6 67-9 54-7 41-6 33-5 Rainfall (inches).. 3-75 3-00 4-50 3-66 4-47 4-36 4-57 3-17 3-68 2-37 2-94 3-51 Annual Mean Temperature and Rainfall. 18C5. 1866. 1807. 18C8. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1S74. 1875. 187G. 1877. 1878. Temperature 56-32 56-46 56 33 55-56 .V".V 55-25 55-89 5275 52-15 55-04 50-46 53-20 54-60" 55-40 Rainfall (inches).. 50-69 52-44 48-54 45-05 42-98 35 13 36-05 37-95 52-32 43-60 54-58 56-56 39-08
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