814 D I N D Manufactures, Communication, <kc. The manufacturing interests have increased rapidly during the last decade. The Bureau of Statistics reported the value of manufactured products for 1878 at $185,050,220, and the mercantile trade sales at $300,323,256. The increase of wealth is shown as follows by the appraisement for taxation : 1850 $202,650,264 1860 411,042,424 1870 663,455,044 1880 767,387,172 On April 1, 1880, there were sixty-three railway cor porations, working 4963 miles of railway in the State, tra versing eighty-five counties, and appraised for taxation at $38,442,941. So completely does the railway system cover the State that one can go from the capital to almost any county and return the same day. The geographical position of the State is such that all the main railroad through-lines between the east and west have to cross Indiana. Administration. The State is divided into ninety-two counties, containing about 400 square miles each. The governor is elected for four years. The legislature, which meets biennally, consists of a senate of fifty, elected for four years, and a house of representatives of one hundred, elected for two years. The judges (five) of the supreme court are elected for six years. The State has thirteen representatives and two senators in Congress. All popular elections are by ballot. All elections by the legislature are viva voce. The State has no permanent debt. The con stitution declares that no debts shall be incurred by the State except to meet casual deficits in the revenue, or to provide for the public defence, repel invasion, and suppress insurrection. On the organization of Indiana as a terri tory in 1800, Vincennes was made the capital ; when the State Government was formed in 1816, the capital was fixed temporarily at Corydon, until provision could be made for the permanent seat at Indianapolis, to which it was removed in 1824. Education. The foundation of the free school system was laid by Congress when, in admitting the State into the Union, the Government presented a section of land in each township to the inhabitants for free schools. A great advance was made in 1851, when in framing the new con stitution it was provided that certain funds then belonging to the State, with all penal fines and forfeitures accruing, should constitute a common school fund, the principal to remain a perpetual fund, to be increased, but never di minished, and the annual income used for tuition only. This fund in 1880 amounted to $9,220,708, and is in creasing. In the same year there were 9647 sohoolhouses in the State, valued at $11,817,954. Of the children of school age (six to twenty-one) there were males, white 354,761, coloured 7162; females, white 334,249, coloured 7386. Of these 511,283 attended the schools. The tuition revenue expended for the year ending June 30, 1880, was Amount derived from State tax $1,519,791-69 Interest on common school fund held by counties 204, 145 30 State s interest on non-negotiable bonds 234, 187 00 Amount derived from unclaimed fees 895 22 Congressional township revenue :. 198, 247 66 Amount of local tuition tax 589, 093 21 Proceeds of liquor licences 193, 512 15 Total $2,939,872-23 The State university is at Bloomington, and the State normal school at Terre Haute. The function of the latter is to fit its pupils to become teachers in the common schools. Perdue University, at Lafayette, is the State agricultural college. There are also a number of colleges, mainly under the control of religious societies, chief among which are Asbury University (Methodist) at Greencastle, Wabash College (Presbyterian) at Crawfordsville, Butler University (Christian) at Irvington (near Indianapolis), Notre Dame (Catholic) at South Bend, and Earlham College (Friend) at Richmond. Population. In point of population Indiana ranks as fifth State in the Union. The white inhabitants in 1765 are stated to have consisted of a few French families along the Wabash. The following table shows the popula tion at decennial periods during this century : Year. White. Coloured. Total. 1800 4,577 298 4,875 1810 23,890 630 24,520 1820 145,758 1,420 147,178 1830 339,399 3,632 343,031 1840 678,698 7,168 685,866 1850 977,154 11,262 988,416 1860 1,338,710 11,428 1,350,428 1870 1,655,837 24,560 1,680,637 1880 1,976,261 The return for 1880 shows a density of population of 5 7 8 persons per square mile. The following are the chief towns, with population in 1880: Indianapolis, 75,074; Evansville, 29,280; Fort Wayne, 26,880; Terre Haute, 26,040; New Albany, 16,422; Lafayette, 14,860 ; South Bend, 13,279; Rich mond, 12,473; Logansport, 11,198; Jeffersonvillc, 10,422. History. Indiana originally constituted a part of New France. It was visited by the Jesuits as early as 1672. At the beginning of the 18th century the French opened a line of communication between the lakes and the Mississippi by way of the Maumce, Wa bash, and Ohio rivers. Trading posts for barter with the natives were established at the head of the Maumee, where is now the city of Fort Wayne ; at Ouantenon, on the Wca Prairie, near the city of Lafayette ; and at Vincennes on the Wabash. Missionary stations were also established by the Jesuit fathers, in their endeavour to convert the Indians. At the close of the French war in 1763-4, the territory east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio passed under British dominion. Pending the war between Great Britain and the American colonies, Colonel George Rogers Clark of Virginia, with an armed force, took possession of the territory, raising the American flag at Vincennes in 1778. By the treaty of 1783 between England and the United States this territory was recognized as belonging to the latter ; inasmuch as Virginia had fitted out Clark s expedition, she was entitled by the law of conquest to claim this vast dominion. During the colonial war Congress recommended the several States to cede their claims to un appropriated lands in the western country to the general government for the common benefit of the Union. Virginia, in pursuance of this request, yielded up her claims to the territory north-west of the Ohio. The deed of cession, executed on March 1, 1784, was signed by Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Arthur Lee, and Samuel Hardy. In 1787 Congress passed an ordinance for the government of the north-west territory, which provided, among other things, that not more than five States should ever be formed thereof, prohibiting slavery, and declaring that "religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall for ever be encouraged." This territory was subsequently divided into the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State by Congress on April 19, 1816, being the sixth State received after the formation of the government by the thirteen original States and the adoption in 1787 of the present con stitution. (A. C. H.) INDIANAPOLIS, the capital of Indiana, is situated at almost the exact geographical centre of the State, in 39 47 N. lat., 86 6 W. long., 824 miles W. of New York by rail, and 194 miles S.E. of Chicago. It stands 721 feet above the sea-level, and 148 above Lake Erie. On the admission of Indiana as a State into the Federal Union in 1816, Congress presented 4 square miles of public lands for its seat of government, to be selected by the State. The location was made in 1820 at the confluence of Fall Creek and White River. The site chosen was in the midst of the unbroken forest, 60 miles distant from the borders of civilization, and only reached by Indian trails. The name Indianapolis was given by an act of the Legislature on January 6, 1821 ; and Alexander Ralston was appointed
to lay out the city. Selecting a slight mound near the
