K I P K I R chiefly of wood, are small, and are further dwarfed by the great width of the streets. Tea-houses and pleasure- gardens abound, and the whole air of the city is pleasant. "With its schools, hospitals, lunatic asylum, prisons, dispensaries, alms-houses, fountains, public-parks, and gardens, exquisitely beautiful cemeteries, and streets of almost painful cleanliness, Kiyoto is the best-arranged and best-managed city in Japan." i The chief building is, of course, the imperial palace surrounded by beautiful gardens. Formerly forbidden to even most natives, it is now occupied as a museum of Japanese arts and manu factures. Among the other buildings are the former residences of the taikun and of the mikado s nobility, the various normal training and other schools for both sexes and all ages, the hospital, &c. Under the city government of Kioto there was founded in 1870 an industrial depart ment to foster the industries of the place. There are divisions for the encouragement of gardening, shoe-making, silk and other weaving, paper-making, leather-making, the manufacture of mineral waters, and many other branches of industry. Kioto supports also a paupsr colony. The silk-factories, though on a small scale, are numerous. Crape, bronze goods, and porcelain (largely for the English market) are also produced in the city. The population in 1870 was estimated at 370,000. Kioto is much A the oldest of the three great cities of Japan, but both Tokio and Ozaka have far outstripped it in importance. In the reign of the emperor Kuwammu, towards the end of the 8th century, Nara was superseded as the capital by Kudzuno, afterwards called Kioto, and sometimes Miako ; and this last town became identified with the mikado, as Yedo was with the shogun. It was the scene of the first contests of the Taira and Minumoto clans. In the 16th century Xavier preached in its streets ; and in the 17th Kaempfer twice visited it. In 1864 a fierce contest, followed by a conflagration, resulted from an attack upon it by the ChOsiu clan and Kiheitai. After the revolution in 1869 the mikado and his court migrated to Yedo, thenceforth called Tokio or eastern capital. Kioto also received an alternative name, Saikio, or western capital ; but it is never used. Kioto is not a treaty port ; and foreigners are not allowed to reside in it unless they are in Japanese employ. KIPPIS, ANDREW (1725-1795), a learned and laborious compiler, was born at Nottingham, March 28, 1725. From school at Sleaford in Lincolnshire he passed at the age of sixteen to spend a five years course in the Dissenting academy at Northampton, of which Dr Doddridge was then president. In 1746 Kippis became minister of a church at Boston; in 1750 he removed to Dorking in Surrey; and in 1753 he became pastor of a dissenting congregation at Westminster, where he remained till his death on 8th October 1795. Kippis took a prominent part in the affairs of the body with which he was connected. From 1763 till 1784 he was classical and philological tutor in Coward s training college ; and when another institution of the same kind was opened at Hackney he was prevailed upon, some what against his will, to serve as tutor there for a few years. In 1767 he received the degree of D.D. from Edinburgh university ; in 1778 he was elected a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and a fellow of the Royal Society in 1779. He left a reputation for piety, learning, and active virtue. Kippis was a very voluminous writer. He contributed largely to The Gentleman s Magazine, The Monthly Review, and The Library ; and he had a good deal to do with the establishment and conduct of The New Annual Register. He published also a number of sermons and occasional pamphlets ; and he prefixed a life of the author to a collected edition of Dr Nathaniel Lardner s Works (11 vols. 8vo, 1788). He wrote a life of Dr Doddridge, also, which is prefixed to Doddridge s Exposition of the New Testament (6 vols. Svo, 1792). His chief work is his edition of the Biographia Britannica, of which, however, he only lived to publish 5 vols. (folio, 1778-1793). Many new lives were inserted, written for the most part by the editor himself ; and extensive additions and correc tions were made. These last were given in the form of footnotes to 1 Miss Bird, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, vol. ii. p. 252. the original text, a plan which often gives the work the air of a long controversy, and swelled it beyond reasonable bounds. As a monument of the painstaking erudition of the editor the work is interesting ; and as a mere storehouse of facts it possesses a genuine value. Kippis s Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook was reprinted from this book, 4to, 1788. See notice by A. Rees, D.D., in The New Annual Register for 1795. KIRBY, WILLIAM (1759-1850), entomologist, was born at Witnesham in Suffolk, September 19, 1759. From the village school of Witnesham he passed to Ipswich grammar school, and thence to Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1781, not becoming M.A. till 1815. Taking orders in 1782, he spent his entire life in the peace ful seclusion of an English country parsonage, till 1796 as curate, afterwards as rector, of Barham in Suffolk. Although Kirby was once and again induced to use his pen against the spirit of free-thinking then reacting from France upon England, he had little taste for con troversy. His favourite study was natural history ; and eventually entomology engrossed all his leisure. His first work of importance was his Monoyraphia Apum Anglise. (2 vols. Svo, 1802), which as the first scientific treatise on its subject brought him into notice with the leading entomologists of his own and foreign countries. Latreille, Fabricius, Illiger, and Walckenaer were among his corre spondents ; and his opinion and advice were sought by many less illustrious. The practical result of a friendship formed in 1805 with Mr Spence, a scientific gentleman of Hull, was the jointly written Introduction to Entomolorjy (4 vols. 8vo, 1815-26, 7th ed. 1856), one of the most popular books of science that have ever appeared, and still highly valuable. In 1830 Kirby was chosen to write one of the BriJyewater Treatises, his subject being The History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals. This, published in 2 vols. in 1835, undeniably fell short of his earlier works in point of scientific value. On July 4, 1850, William Kirliy died, after a long life of piety, benevolence, and diligence. He was an original member of the Linnean Society ; an.l his name was on the rolls of all the chief scientific associa tions in England and abroad. Besides the books already mentioned, Kirby was the author of many papers in The Transactions of the Linnean Society, The Zoo logical Journal, and other periodicals ; of Strictures on Sir James Smith s Hypotliesis respecting the Lilies of the Field of our Saviour and the Acanthus of Virgil, 1819 ; of Seven Sermons on our Lord s Temptations, <kc., 1829 ; and of the sections on insects in the Account of the Animals seen by th-c late Northern Expedition u-hile within the Arctic Circle, 1821, and in Fauna Boreali- Americana, 1837. TheZ?/c of the Rev. William Kirly, M.A., by Rev. John Freeman, was published iu 1852. It contains a list of Kirby s works. KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS (1602-1680), a learned scholar and accomplished mathematician, was born May 2, 1602, at Geisa near Fulda, was educated at the Jesuit college ot Fulda, and entered upon his noviciate in that order at Mainz in 1618. After continuing his studies at Paderborn, Munster, Cologne, Coblenz, and Mainz, he became professor of philosophy, mathematics, and Oriental languages at Wurzburg, whence he was driven (1631) by the troubles of the Thirty Years War to Avignon. Through the influence of Cardinal Barberini he next (1635) settled in Rome, where for eight years he taught mathematics in the Collegio Romano, but ultimately resigned this appointment in order that he might devote the closing years of his life entirely to the study of hieroglyphics and other archaeolo gical subjects. He died November 28, 1680. Kircher was a man of wide and varied learning, but singularly- devoid of judgment and critical discernment. His voluminous writings in philology, natural history, physics, and mathematics often accordingly have a good deal of the historical interest which attaches to pioneering work, however imperfectly performed ; other wise they now take rank as curiosities of literature merely. They include Ars Magnesia, 1631 ; Magnes, sive de arte magnetica oput tripartitum, 1640 ; and Magneticum naturse regnum, 1667; Prodro- mus Coptus, 1636 ; Lingua, ^gyptuica restituta, 1643 ; Obeliscus
