94 K I R K I K
Pamphilius, 1650; and Œdipus Ægyptiacus, hoc est universalis doctrinæ hieroglyphicæ instauratio, 1652-55, – works which may claim the merit of having first called the attention of the learned to the Egyptian hieroglyphics; Ars magna, lucis et umbræ in mundo, 1645-46; Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni, 1650; Polygraphia, seu artificium linguarum quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere, 1663; Mundus subterraneus, quo subterrestris mundi opificium, universæ denique naturæ divitiæ, abditorum effectuum causæ demonstrantur, 1665-78; China illustrata, 1667; Ars magna sciendi, 1669; and Latium, 1669, a work which may still be consulted with advantage. The Specula Melitensis Encyclica (1638) gives an account of what may be described as a kind of calculating machine of his invention. The valuable collection of antiquities which he bequeathed to the Collegio Romano has been described by Buonanni (Musæum Kircherianum, 1709; republished by Battara in 1773).
KIRCHHEIM-UNTER-TECK, chief town of a district
in the Danube circle of Wiirtemberg, is prettily situated
on the Lauter, not far from the Teck, and about 15 miles
south-east of Stuttgart. Its castle was built in 1538.
The manufactures include cotton goods, damask, piano
fortes, machinery, lanterns, chemicals, cement, &c. The
town also has wool-spinning establishments and breweries,
and a corn exchange. It is the most important wool
market in South Germany, the annual turn-over averag
ing about 1,650,000 Bb. The population in 1875 was
6197.
KIRGHIZ, a large and wide-spread division of the Mongolo-Tatar family, of which there are two main branches, the Kara-Kirghiz of the uplands and the Kirghiz-Kazaks of the steppe. To the same group belong the Kipchaks, forming a connecting link between the nomad and settled Turki peoples of Ferghana and Bokhara, and the Kara-Kalpaks on the south-east side of the Aral Sea, who are intermediate between the Kazaks and Uzbegs. The Kirghiz jointly number about 3,000,000, and occupy an area of perhaps the same number of square miles, stretching from Kulja westwards to the lower Volga, and from the head streams of the Ob southwards to the Pamir and the Turkoman country. In the Mongolo-Tatar family their position is peculiar, they being closely allied ethnically to the Mongolians and in speech to the Tatars. To under stand this phenomenon, it should be remembered that both Mongols and Tatars belonged themselves originally to one racial stock, of which the former still remain the typical representatives, but from which the latter have mostly departed and become largely assimilated to the regular "Caucasian" type. But the Kirghiz have either remained nearly altogether unmixed, as in the uplands, or else have intermingled in the steppe mainly with the Volga Calmucks in the west, and with the Zungarian nomads in the east, all alike of Mongol stock. Hence they have everywhere to a large extent preserved the common Mongolian features, while retaining their primitive Tatar speech. Physically they are a middle-sized, square-built race, inclined to stoutness, especially in the steppe, mostly with long black hair, scant beard or none, small, black, and oblique eyes, though blue or grey also occur in the south, broad Mongoloid features, high cheek bones, broad, flat nose, small mouth, brachycephalous head, very small hands and feet, dirty brown or swarthy complexion, often yellowish, but also occasionally fair. These characteristics, while affiliating them directly to the Mongol stock, also betray an admixture of foreign elements, probably due to Finnish or Chudic influences in the north, and Tajik or Iranian blood in the south. Their speech also, while purely Turkic in structure, possesses, not only many Mongolian and a few Persian and even Arabic words, but also some terms unknown to the other branches of the Mongolo- Tatar linguistic family, and which should perhaps be traced to the Kiang-Kuan, Wu-sun, Ting-ling, and other extinct Chudic peoples of South Siberia partly absorbed by them. These relations to the surrounding Asiatic races
will be made clearer in the subjoined detailed account of the Kara-Kirghiz and Kirghiz-Kazaks.
The Kara-Kirghiz. – The Kara or "Black" Kirghiz, so called from the colour of their tents, are known to the Russians either as Chernyie ("Black") or Dikokammenyie ("Wild Stone" or "Rocky") Kirghiz, and are the Block Kirghiz of some English writers. They are on the whole the purest and best representatives of the race, and so true is this that, properly speaking, to them alone belongs the distinctive national name Kirghiz or Krghiz. This term is commonly traced to a legendary chief, Kirghiz, sprang of Oghuz-Khan, ninth in descent from Japhet. It occurs in its present form for the first time in the account of the embassy sent in 569 by Justin II. to the Uighur Khan, Dugla-Ditubulu, where it is stated that this prince presented a slave of the "Kerghiz" tribe to Zemark, head of the mission. In the Chinese chronicles the word assumes the form Ki-li-ki-tz , and the writers of the Yuan dynasty (1280 -1367) place the territory of these people 10,000 li north west of Pekin, about the head streams of the Yenisei. In the records of the Thang dynasty (618-907) they are spoken of under the name of Kha-kia-tz (pronounced Khaka, and sometimes transliterated Haka), and it is mentioned that these Khakas were of the same speech as the Khoei-khu. From this it follows that they were of Mongolo-Tatar stock, and are wrongly identified by some ethnologists with the Kiang-Kuan, Wu-sun, or Ting-ling, all of whom are described as tall, with red hair, "green" or grey eyes, and fair complexion, and must therefore have been of Finnish stock, akin to the present Soyotes of the upper Yenisei.
The Kara-Kirghiz are by the Chinese and Mongolians called Burnt, where ut is the Mongolian plural ending, as in Tangut, Yakut, modified to yat in Buryat, the collective name of the Siberian Mongolians of the Baikal district. Thus the term Bur is the common Mongolian designation both of the Baikal Mongols and of the Kara-Kirghiz, who occupied this very region and the upper Yenisei valley generally till comparatively recent times. For the original home of their ancestors, the Khakas, lay in the south of the present governments of Yeniseisk and Tomsk, stretching thence southwards beyond the Sayan range to the Tannu- ola hills in Chinese territory. Here the Russians first met them in the 17th century, and by the aid of the Kazaks exterminated all those east of the Irtish, driving the rest further west and south-westwards. Most of them took refuge with their kinsmen, the Kara-Kirghiz nomad Highlanders, whose homes, at least since the 13th century, have been the Ala-tau range, the Issik-kul basin, the Tekes, Chu, and Talass river valleys, the Tian-shan range, the uplands draining both to the Tarim and to the Jaxartes and Oxus, including Khokand, Karategin, and Shignan southwards to the Pamir table-land, visited by them in summer. They thus occupy most of the uplands along the Russo-Chinese frontier, between 35 and 50 N". lat, and between 70 and 85 E. long., where they have been recently joined by some Chiliks, Kipchaks, Naimans, and Kitars from Andijan and the Kazak steppes.
The Kara-Kirghiz are all grouped in two main sections – the On
or "Right" in the east, with seven branches (Bogu, Sary-Bagishch,
Son-Bagishch, Sultu or Solye, Cherik, Sayak, Bassinz), and the Sol
or "Left" in the west, with four branches (Kokche or Kuchy,
Soru, Mundus, Kitai or Kintai). The Sol section occupies the
region between the Talass and Oxus head streams in Ferghana
(Khokand) and Bokhara, where they come in contact with the
Galchas or Highland Tajiks. The On section lies on both sides of
the Tian-shan, about Lake Jssik-kul, and in the Chu, Tekes, and
Narin (upper Jaxartes) valleys.
Each of the On tribes comprises a number of stocks or septs, which are further divided into auls or families, of which, however, the lists are complete for the Bogu and Sary-Bagishch alone. Of the Bogu there are six stocks, with 11,000 tents, and numbering 55, 000 to 60, 000 souls. Of the Sary-Bagishch there are four stocks,
