20 K A Z K A Z ceeried John Stuart Mill as secretary in the political and secret department of the India office. In 1871 he was created a knight of the Star of India. In 1874 his failing health warned him to resign his post ; and he died in London, July 24, 1876. To his historical and biogra phical writings Sir John Kaye brought an historical sagacity, an honesty of purpose, and a military knowledge that make them at once valuable and interesting. His best known works are liis History of the Sepoy War, 3 vols., 1864 ; History of thy War in Afghanistan, 2 vols., 1851 ; and his Life of Lord Mctcalfc, 2 vols., 1854. He was the author also ot Peregrine Pultney (1844) and Long Engagements (1861), two Indian novels History of the Administration of the East India Company, 1853 Life, of Henry Tucker, 1854 ; Life of Sir John Malcolm, 2 vols., 1856; History of Christianity in India, 1859 ; Lives of Indian Officers, 2 vols., 1867 ; Essays of an Optimist, 1870 ; and numerous contributions to periodicals. KAZALA, or KAZALINSK, a fort and town, at the point where the Kazala falls into the Jaxartes, about 47 miles from its mouth. It is situated in 45 45 N. lat. and 62 7 E. long., "at the junction," to quote Schuyler s description, "of all the trade routes in Central Asia, as the road from Orenburg meets here with the Khivan, Bukharan, and Tashkent roads " ; and thus, besides carry ing on a lively local trade with the Kirghiz of the sur rounding country, it is a point of growing importance in the general current of commerce ; In other respects the position of the place is far from attractive : the floods on the river make it an island in the spring ; in summer it is parched by the sun and hot winds, and hardly a tree can be got to grow. The streets are wide, but the houses, as well as the fairly strong fort known as Fort No. 1, are built of mud bricks. The population, stated at 5000, is on the increase. KAZAN, a government of European Russia, belonging to the basin of the Volga, and conterminous with the governments of Nizhni Novgorod, Vyatka, Orenburg, Samara, and Simbirsk. The area, according to the govern ment survey, is 23,998 square miles. By the Volga and its tributary the Kama the surface of the government is divided into three regions of differing aspect: the first, to tha right of the main river, is traversed by deep ravines sloping to the north-east and by two ranges of hills, one of which, keeping company with the river, has a height of 300 to 500 feet ; the second, between the left bank of the Volga and the left bank of the Kama, is an open steppe ; and the third, between the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama, resembles in its eastern part the first region, and in its western part is covered with forest. Marls, limestones, and sandstones, Permian or Triassic, are the main rocks ; the Jurassic formation appears in a small part of the Tetyushi district ; and Tertiary rocks stretch along the left bank of the Volga. There are no minerals of importance ; but mineral springs (iron, sulphur, and naphtha) exist in several places. The Volga is navigable in all the 198 miles of its course through Kazan, as well as the Kama (120 miles); and the Vyatka, the Kazanka, the Rutka, the Tsivil, the Greater Kotshaga, the Ilet, and the Bezdna are not without value as waterways. About four hundred small lakes are enumerated within the govern ment ; the Upper and Lower Kaban supply the city of Kazan with water. About 7,123,610 acres (more than 46 per cent, of the surface) are arable, upwards of 1,324,900 acres (over 8 per cent.) are meadow land, and 5,190,960 acres (nearly 34 per cent.) are under forest Eye and oats form the principal crops ; barley, wheat, buckwheat, and potatoes are also grown. In 1879 the official returns gave 1,048,092 as the number of sheep in the government, aud of these 13,748 were of fine woolled breeds ; the horned cattle amounted to 359,362, the horses to 426,564, the swine to 192,190, and the goats to 45, 822. No fewer than 8066 persons were engaged in beekeeping, and the produce of this department was valued at 29,945. In dustrial activity is on the increase ; the number of the smaller manufacturing establishments is diminishing, but those which remain (272 in 1879, employing 8399 hands) are greatly increasing in production. The total value of their manufacture in 1879 was 2,034,137. Apart from the regular factories, there is a large in dustrial activity. The weaving and dyeing of linen and hemp goods gave employment in 1879 to 13,485 men; wool-combing, &c., to 3428 ; flour and malt making to 3680, and the forest industries, wood-cutting, tar-boiling, &c., to 10,423. The aggregate commerce of the towns is estimated at 3,695,000. Of the seventy-six annual fairs, the chief are the timber fair of Kozmodcmyansk, and those of Tchistopol and Tcheboksarui. Administratively Kazan is divided into twelve districts : Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Tcheboksarui, Tsivilsk, Yadrin, Kozmodemyansk, Tsarevokokshaisk, Mamaduish, Tchis topol, Laisheff, Spassk, Tetyushi. Besides the city of Kazan, the following are the largest towns : Tchistopol (20,293 inhabitants in 1879), Laisheff (5098), Tcheboksarui (4560), Kozmodemyansk (4508), Mamaduish (4068). The total population of the government in 1879 was 1,872,437 (194,343 in the towns, 1,678,094 in the country districts). The males in the former case numbered 109,915, and the females 84,428; and in the latter the males 820,144, and females 857,950. An increase of 267,732 has taken place since 1862. More than half of the inhabitants are of non-Slavonic origin; and the Mohammedans number over half a million. The formation of the Kazan government dates from the year 1708 ; at first it contained a large portion of south-eastern Russia, but in 1781 the present limits were determined. The division into twelve districts was made in 1802. KAZAN, chief town of the above government, is situated in 55 48 N. lat. and 49 26 E. long., 528 miles east of Moscow and 970 miles from St Petersburg. The summer course of the Volga lies several miles to the south-west, and is gradually increasing its distance ; but when the river is at its height in spring the intervening space is laid under water, and the steamers, which at other times stop at the mouth of the Kazanka, are able to approach the town. Though the hill on which the citadel stands is only about 40 feet high, it forms a striking relief to the level country in front. Contrary to what might be expected from its history, the town is almost completely destitute of Oriental colouring ; but the number and brightness of the Greek churches helps to relieve the general air of modern and commonplace regularity. The cathedral of the Annunciation was founded iu 1562 by Gury, the first bishop of the diocese of Kazan; and the Bogoroditskii convent was erected in 1579 for the reception of the "Black Virgin of Kazan," which was removed in 1821 to the famous Kazan cathedral in St Petersburg. Of pro-Russian buildings there is hardly a trace ; the red brick Sumbek tower, 245 feet high, is an object of great veneration to the Tartars, who consider it as the burial-place of one of their saints ; but its similarity to the towers of Moscow proves its Muscovite origin. As an intellectual centre Kazan is the most important city of eastern Russia in Europe. The gymnasium, founded in 1750, was the third national institution for secondary edu cation established in the empire ; and the university, which dates from 1801, has become a great seat of Oriental scholarship. It has four faculties, with fifty-six teachers and about seven hundred students. The library contains about 85,000 volumes; but the most valuable part of its manu script collection has been removed to St Petersburg. There is an astronomical observatory ; and from the university press are issued a learned journal (Izvyestiya i Zapiski) and a very considerable number of works, especially in Oriental philology. The ecclesiastical academy founded in 184G contains the old library of the Solovki monastery, of import ance for the history of Russian sects. Schools are main tained by the Tartar population, which still occupies some of the suburbs ; and Tartar text-books (by Radloff ) after the European type have been introduced. As a seat of com merce and industry Kazan holds a respectable place. Its leather goods, especially those of the finer qualities, are in repute ; and it also manufactures alcohol, flour, cotton and hemp goods, starch, stearine, tallow, and albumen. The trade connexion of the Tartar merchants more particularly is a very extensive and important one. The population
