K A Z K E A 21 of the town, which was 63,084 in 18G3, had increased in 1879 to 134,434, of whom 13,G35 are Tartars. The present government of Kazan was the centre of a great Bulgarian kingdom, the first historical monarchy of north-eastern liiissia. On the ruins of this kingdom the Mongolian (Tartar) "kingdom of Kazan" was founded in the 15th century by Ulu- Mahmet, whose descendants continued to rule till the destruction of their city by Ivan the Terrible in 1552. Of the town of Kazan the early notices are of doubtful interpretation ; but according to ?3. M. Shpilevski the Kazan mentioned in 1376 must be Bulgar (the present Bolgarui in the district of Spassk), the "Great Town" of the Bulgarians, the ruins of which are among the most notable in the Kazan region ; and the Kazan of even some of the later chronicles is to be identified with Koshan on the Kama. Nor is the present the original of Kazan proper ; on the banks of the Kazanka are extensive remains of Iski (Tartar for "Old") Kazan, near a modern village of the same name. Kazan was laid waste by Pugutcheff, and the conflagrations of 1815 and 1825 were especially destructive. During the French invasion the Moscow university took asylum in the town. The name of Kazan Tartars is given, not only to those of the government of Kazan, but to those of Ufa, Samara, Vyatka, Saratoff, Penza, Nizhni Novgorod, Orenburg, and Tamboff. In 1870 they amounted altogether to 1,050,000. In many ways they differ con siderably from those of Astrakhan, the Crimea, &c. They have pretty certainly incorporated a good deal of Bulgarian blood. The history of Kazan has been written by Turnerelli (1841), Leptetf, Kurbski, and others. The evidence of Arabic, Tartar, and Russian writers in regard to the antiquities of town and government has been collected by Shpilevski (I~v. i Zap. Imp. Kaz. Un., 1877, pp. 1-5S5). A bibliography of the Oriental books published in the town is given in the JJull. of the St Petersburg Academy, 1867. Compare Louis Leger, "Kazan et les Tartares," in Bibl. Univ. dc Gcntve, 1874. KAZINCZY, FERENCZ or FRANCIS (1759-1831), an Hungarian author, known as the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration of the Magyar language and literature at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, was born 27th October 1759, at Er-Semlyen, in the county of Bihar, Hungary. After passing through the gymnasium of Suros-Patak, he studied law at Kassa and Eperies, and in Pest, where lie also obtained a thorough knowledge of French and German literature, and made the acquaintance of Gideon Raday, who allowed him the use of his library, and encouraged him in literary pursuits. In 1784 Kazinczy became subnotary for the county of Abauj ; and in 1786 lie was nominated inspector of schools at Kassa. There he began to devote himself to the restoration of the Magyar language and literature by translations from classical foreign works, and by the augmentation of the native vocabulary from ancient Magyar sources. In 1788, with the assist ance of Baroti Szab6 and John Bacsanyi, he started at Kassa the first Magyar literary magazine, Magyar Muzeiim ; the Orpheus, which succeeded it in 1790, was of his own creation. Although, upon the accession of Leopold II., Kazinczy, as a non-Catholic, was obliged to resign his post ut Kassa, his literary activity in no way decreased, and he not only assisted Gideon Raday in the establishment and direction of the first Magyar dramatic society, but also enriched the repertoire with several translations from foreign authors. His Hamlet, which first appeared at Kassa in 1790, is a rendering from the German version of Schroder. Having become implicated in the democratic conspiracy of the abbot Martinovics, Kazinczy was arrested on the 14th December 1794, conveyed to Buda, tried, and con demned to death ; but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment. He was released in 1801, and shortly afterwards married Sophia Torok, daughter of his former patron, and retired to his small estate at Szdphalom or "Fairhill," near Sator-Ujhely, in the county of Zemplen. In 1^28 he took an active part in the conferences held for the establishment of the Hungarian academy, in the historical section of which he became the first correspond ing member. He died of Asiatic cholera, at Sze phalom, on the 22d August 1831, in the seventy-second year of his aye. Kazinczy, although possessing great beauty of style, cannot be regarded as a powerful and original thinker ; his fame is chiefly due to the felicity of his translations from the masterpieces of Leasing, Goethe, "Wieland, Klopstock, Ossian, La Rochefoucauld, Marmontel, Moliere, Metastasio, Shakespeare, Sterne, Cicero, Sallust, Anacreon, and many others. He also edited the works of Baroczy (Pest, 1812, 8 vols.) and of the poet Zrinyi (1817, 2 vols.), and the poems of Dayka (1813, 3 vols.) and of John Kis (1815, 3 vols.). A collective edition of his works, consisting for the most part of translations, was published at Pest, 1814-1816, in 9 vols. His original produc tions, largely made up of letters, were edited by Joseph Bajza and Francis Toldy at Pest, 1836-45, in 5 vols. Editions of his poems appeared in 1858 and in 1863. See HUNGARY, vol. xii. p. 377. KEAN, CHARLES JOHN (1811-1868), tragedian, son of Edmund Kean noticed below, was born at Waterford, Ireland, 18th January 1811. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Eton College, where he remained three years. The name of Kean secured him an engagement at Urury Lane Theatre, where he made his debut 1st October 1827, in the character of Norval, but failed to create a very favourable impression, his talents being such as required long practice and careful study for their development ; and his continued failure to achieve popularity led him to leave London in the spring of 1828 for the provinces. After a visit to America in 1830, where he was received with much favour, he in 1833 appeared at Covent Garden as Sir Edmund Mortimer, but his success was not pronounced enough to encourage him to remain long in London, espe cially as he had already in the provinces won a high position. In January 1838 he returned to Drury Lane, and played Hamlet with a success which gave him a place among the principal tragedians of his time. After his marriage with the actress Miss Ellen Tree in 1842, he paid a second visit to America. Returning to England in 1847, he entered on a successful engagement at the Haymarket, and in 1850, along with Mr Kelly, he became lessee of the Princess Theatre. The most noteworthy feature of his management was a series of gorgeous Shakespearean re vivals. Charles Kean cannot be called a great tragic actor. He did all that could be done by the persevering cultivation of his powers, and in many ways manifested the possession of high intelligence and refined taste, but his defects of person and voice made it impossible for him to give a representation at all adequate of the varying and subtle emotions characteristic of pure tragedy. In melodramatic parts such as Louis XI. and the Corsican Brothers his success was unequivocal and complete. From his " tour round the world" Kean returned in 1866 in broken health, and he died at London, January 22, 1868. The Life and Theatrical Times of Charles Kean, by John William Cole, appeared in I860 in two volumes. KEAN, EDMUND (1787-1833), an English actor, chiefly celebrated as the impersonator of Shakespearean characters, was born at Chancery Lane, London, November 4, 1787. His reputed father was Aaron Kean, stage carpenter, and his mother was a strolling actress, Ann Carey, grand daughter of Henry Carey, the author of the National Anthem, and the natural son of George Savile, marquis of Halifax. "When only in his fourth year Kean made his first appearance on the stage as Cupid in one of Noverre s ballets at the opera-house. His fine black eyes, his bright vivacity and cleverness, and his ready affection to those who treated him with kindness, made him in childhood a universal favourite, but the harsh cir cumstances of his lot, and the want of proper restraint, while they developed strong self-reliance, fostered way ward tendencies. About 1794 a few persons benevolently provided the means of sending him to schoi-1, where he mastered his tisks with remarkable ease and rapidity ; but finding its restraint intolerably irksome, he shipped himself as a cabin boy at Portsmouth. Soon discovering that he had only escaped to a more rigorous bondage, he
