834 LONDON [EDUCATION. Police. Westminster in the report of 1880 divides them into two classes, those that are eleemosynary and those that are ecclesiastical. In regard to the first, it states that it is impossible to effect a satis factory combination or readjustment of them under existing cir cumstances, and, in regard to the second, that they are so far libe rated by altered circumstances as to require reappropriation to new charitable use. CRIME. The London police district, or "Greater London," is divided into two police jurisdictions, that of the metropolitan police, with an area of 440,919 acres, and that of the City police, with an area of 668 acres. The Metropolitan police force, which superseded the night watch in 1830, owes its existence to a bill introduced by Sir Robert Feel, providing for the establishment of a Metropolitan police under the control of the executive government. In 1839 the old watch was abolished within the City limits and a City police force appointed, which, however, is entirely under the control of the common council. There are two police courts within the City district, viz., Guildhall and Mansion House; and thirteen within the Metropolitan district, viz., Bow Street, Clerkemvell, Great Marl- borough Street, Marylebone, Westminster, Lambeth, Southwark, Thames (Stepney), AVorship Street, Woolwich, Greenwich, Hammer smith, and Wands worth. The headquarters of the Metropolitan police are at Scotland Yard. The expenses of the two City police courts in 1880 were 10,031, and those of the Metropolitan police courts were 59,009, of which 10,527 was defrayed by fines and forfeitures. The Metropolitan police have power to regulate the street traffic, to inspect and license cabs, omnibuses, and other public conveyances, to interfere in abating smoke nuisance, and to inspect common lodging- houses. From 6158 in 1861 the Metropolitan force had in 1880 in creased to 10,943, or one to every 430 of the population ; the City police force from 628 to 830, or one to every 61 of the population. The increase of the City police force is necessitated wholly by the in crease iu the number of persons who daily frequent the City, for not only has the night population greatly diminished, but the resident criminal population has become almost extinct. The number of persons belonging to the criminal classes in the whole police district of the metropolis in 1880 was 2392, or one in 1992 of the popula tion in 1881 ; the number of known thieves 1385, the number in England being 17,907 ; the number of indictable offences was 17,835 (of which 1137 occurred in the City), the number in Eng land being 52,427 ; and the number of apprehensions 5261 (City 612), the number in England being 22,231. Of indictable offences 49 were murders, 6 attempted murders, 443 attempted suicide, 1150 burglaries, 8918 simple larcenies, 1745 larcenies from the person, and 367 utterances of counterfeit coin ; 47 bodies of per sons found dead and unknown were photographed and not identi fied. The number of offences determined summarily within the area of the Metropolitan police district was 125,302, or 11 41 to every policeman, the proportion of indictable offences to every police man being 6 70. The number of offences determined summarily within the City area was 5649, or only 670 to every policeman, while the proportion of indictable offences was only 78. The total expense of the Metropolitan police was 1,168,061, or about 106 per man; 451,334 was contributed to the expense from public revenue, and 93,071 was received for special services. The expense of the City police, 90,662 in 1880, is defrayed wholly by rate, and the cost per man is about 109. The following table (XXIII.) gives details regarding police and crime in the Metropolitan police district since 1871, by which it will be seen that, although compared with the increase of popula tion the total number of apprehensions has diminished, there has of late years been a considerable increase in the number of felonies, and that the amount of property lost by felonies has been increasing very seriously : Apprehensions and Convictions. Felonies. Persons Apprehensions for Drink. Total Police Force. Persons Appre hended. Convicted on Trial. Summarily Convicted. Number of Felonies. Appre hensions for First Loss. Amount Recovered. Proportion per 1000 of Popu hended under Poor Law- Persons Appre- Proportion per 1000 of Popu lation. Acts. lation. 1871 9,655 71,961 2.655 45,608 16.926 10.054 77,328 19,284 4-444 6,142 24,213 6-358 1872 9.761 78,203 2,456 52.472 17,651 10,271 71,794 19,106 4-549 5,676 29,109 7-502 1873 9,883 73.857 2,410 50.441 18,879 10,667 84,009 20.957 4-780 4,786 29,755 7-535 1874 9,958 67,703 2,306 45,886 17,814 9,858 77.498 18,429 4-433 4,064 26,155 6-509 1875 10,227 72,G06 2.343 49,712 17,093 9,729 99.208 20,492 4-182 3.724 30,976 7-578 1876 10.208 76,214 2,476 51,880 18,893 10,210 135,570 19,998 4-486 4,152 32,328 7-676 1877 10.440 77.982 2.571 54,034 20,281 10,462 118,680 21,196 4-557 4,516 32,369 7-274 1878 10.477 83,746 2.724 57,038 21.792 10,849 157.283 19,785 4-806 4.430 35,408 7-809 1879 10,711 81,88 i 2,934 54,754 21.891 11.431 101,798 22,460 4-739 4.393 33.892 7-336 1880 10,943 79,490 2,609 50,490 23,920 13,336 129,687 37,881 5-081 4,594 29,888 6-345 Prisons. The Newgate and Holloway prisons are in the hands of the Court of Aldermen. Newgate, rebuilt after the riots of 1780, is now no longer used for persons awaiting trial in the Central Court. The City prison, Holloway, which is the house of correction for City prisoners, was erected in 1851 at a cost of nearly 100, 000. Bridewell , which occupied the site of a royal palace, and was granted to the city as a house of correction by Edward VI. , was discontinued in 1864 ; the old Fleet prison was abolished in 1844, its site being now occupied by the Memorial Hall of the Congregationalists ; Horse- monger Lane prison was superseded by Wandsworth prison ; and the Marshalsea in Southwark, immortalized by Charles Dickens, had boon discontinued long before he wrote. The house of detention for Middlesex is Clerkenwell, and its houses of correction are Coldbath Fields for male prisoners and Westminster for females. Wands- worth is the prison for Surrey. The convict prisons within the metropolitan area are Brixton, Millbank, Pentonville, Wormwood Scrubs, Woking, and Fulham. Elemen- EDUCATION. Until the constitution of a School Board for tary London in 1870, the only special organizations for providing educa- schools. tion to the poorer classes in London were the British and Foreign School Society, founded in 1808, and the National Society, founded in 1811. Many of the parish schools became amalgamated with those of the National Society, but the united efforts of these socie ties, and also of the Church of England, of the different denomi nations, and of various promiscuous charitable institutions, failed so completely to meet the necessities of the rapidly increasing popula tion, that in 1851 the total number of scholars attending public schools was only 167,298, and that in 1871 the returns of the voluntary schools showed that there was accommodation for only 262,259 children, or 39 per cent, of the estimated population of school age. By October 1881 the School Board had supplied accommodation for 236,1324 children, which with that in voluntary schools gives a total number of places sufficient for 502,095 children, in addition to which schools are in the process of erection for upwards of 100,000 more. Up to August 1881, 6838 children were sent to industrial schools at the instance of the board, and the board now possesses three industrial schools under its own manage ment. The total number of children attending workhouse, separate union, and parochial and district schools in 1880 was 35,223, the amount paid to teachers in these schools being 37,110. The total expenditure of the School Board for the year ending 25th March 1881 was 1,236,360. The amount paid by rating authorities in 1881-82 was 676,579, the rate in the pound being 615d., a less rate than that for 1880-81, which was 6 28d., but in all probability there may for some years be a slight increase. The average cost of the 3129 teachers in 1880 was 123. The gross cost per child has risen from 2, 4s. 9d. in 1874 to 2, 17s. Id. in 1881, but there will probably be a considerable diminution when the schools become all fully occupied throughout a whole year. The following table (XXIV.) gives a comparison of cost between the board schools and other schools of London and of England in 1880 : Income per Scholar. Education (irant per Scholar. Expenditure per Scholar. School Fees. Voluntary Contri butions. For Salary. Total Cost. Voluntary Schools: s. d. 13 2J 10 9J 084 090 s. cf. 9 3.V 073" Rates. 1 13 7 18 7 s. d. 15 !)i 15 5 16 4j 15 11 s. d. 1 10 Oi 170 s. fl. 2 K) 1 1 14 7| 2 17 7= 2 1 11} Board Schools : 2 3 1 12 1J Fitzstephen mentions that in his time the three principal churches Gram- possessed by ancient privilege and dignity celebrated schools, and mar that other schools were permitted on sufferance. The churches school. referred to are supposed by Stow to have been St Paul s Cathedral, St Peter s at Westminster, and St Saviour s, Bermondsey, in Southwark. The various other priories and religious houses which were afterwards founded had each its school, though of less fame than the earlier ones. On account of the suppression of the alien priories and religious houses by Henry V., Henry VI. in 1445 founded grammar schools at St Martin s-le-Grand, StMary-le-Bow, St Dunstan s in the West, and St Anthony s, and in the following year others in St Andrew s, Holborn, All Hallows the Great, St Peter s, Cornhill, and in the hospital of St Thomas of Aeon. The custom of school disputations mentioned by Fitzstephen was con tinued till the time of Stow, who states that they were restrained on account of the quarrels between the boys of St Paul s and St Anthony s. In his time the principal schools "repairing to these
