SCIENCE.] LONDON 835 exercises " were St Paul s, St Peter s (Westminster), St Thomas of Aeon, and St Anthony s. The last-named, which commonly pre sented the best scholars, and at which Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor Heath, and Archbishop Whitgift received their educa tion, had, however, latterly greatly decayed. Up to the time of the dissolution of the monasteries education in England had been in the hands of the religious houses, but, though many of the grammar schools in London were then discontinued, several were re-erected and re-endowed, and others were added in subsequent years. Of these schools there are now existing St Paul s, St Peter s (West minster), Christ s Hospital (Blue Coat School), Merchant Taylors School, Charterhouse, Mercers School, and the City of London School. St Paul s School, St Paul s Churchyard, was re-established in 1512 by Dean Colct, for the free education of one hundred and h fty-three poor children, and was endowed with lands whose original annual value was 122, 4s. 7id., but which now yield nearly 6000 yearly. The board of governors consists of thirteen members chosen by the Mercers Company and nine nominated by the universities. Vacancies on the foundation are filled up by competition, and the school fee for the scholars is 20. The course of study, which formerly was chiefly classical, is now specially designed to prepare for the army examinations. The site of the school will soon be changed to West Kensington, where grounds to the extent of 16 acres have been purchased. St Peter s School, Westminster, re-endowed by Queen Elizabeth in 1560, provides for 40 queen s scholars oil the foundation ; and the school is also attended by about 180 day pupils. Besides six junior exhibitions tenable at school, there are eight exhibitions to Oxford or Cambridge. The management of the school is regulated by the Public Schools Act of 1S6S. The school, which is in the Dean s Yard, was formerly the dormitory of the monks of the abbey. Christ s Hospital (Blue Coat School), Newgate Street, founded by Edward VI. in 1533 on the site of the monastery of Greyfriars, has an annual income of over 60,000, and the number of children on the foundation is about 1180, including 410 at the preparatory school at Hertford, of whom 90 are girls. The school is under the management of a court of governors, to which any one may be admitted on payment of a donation of 500. The education is chielly commercial, but four boys are annually sent to the univer sities. Tha boys still retain their ancient dress, as well as several peculiar privileges. Merchant Taylors School, which was formerly situated in Suffolk Lane, but in 1875 was removed to the Charterhouse, was founded by the Merchant Taylors Company in 1561, and provides for the education of 500 boys annually on payment of 12 guineas in the lower school, and 15 guineas in the upper. The site of the present building was purchased for about 90,000, and the new school-house cost 30,000. The rooms of the pensioners of Charterhouse remain entire, as well as the chapel of the date 1512, the master s lodge, and the great chamber, the interior of which is a very fine specimen of Elizabethan work. Charterhouse, formerly a Carthusian monastery and afterwards the seat of the Howards, was purchased by Sir Thomas Sutton, and in 1611 endowed as a school. On the foundation 80 pensioners are maintained at Charterhouse, and 60 scholars at the school at Godalming, where it was removed in 1872. The Mercers Grammar School, Collegiate Hill, Dowgate, was originally attached to the hospital of St Thomas of Aeon, which was sold in 1522 to the Mercers Company on condition that they main tained the school. Of the 180 scholars 25 are free. For the City of London School, founded by the City corporation in 1835, at Milk Street, Cheapside, to supply education to sons of respectable persons, a new building is in course of erection on the Thames embankment. There are preparatory schools in connexion with University College and King s College. Higher The University of London, Burlington Gardens, instituted in educa- 1836, and removed in 1869 to its present building in the Italian tion. Renaissance style, is a mere examining body for conferring degrees. University College, Gower Street, founded in 1828 on undenomina tional principles, supplies instruction in all the branches of educa tion including engineering and the fine arts that are taught in universities, with the exception of theology, and is attended by over 1500 students. The buildings, the chief feature of which is the Corinthian portico at the main entrance surmounted by a dome, were enlarged by a wing in 1881, and contain a large library, and the Flaxman gallery, with original models by Flaxman. King s College, erected by Smirke in 1828, and forming the east wing of Somerset House, provides similar instruction to University College, but with the addition of theology, and in connexion with the Church of England. At Gresham College, founded in 1597 by Sir Thomas Gresham, rind removed to its present building in Basinghall Street ia 1843, lectures are given on law, divinity, the sciences, music, and medicine. The lectures of the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching have been instrumental in stimulating to some degree general interest in literary and scientific subjects, and in 1881 were attended by 3030 persons. The legal lectures in connexion with the Inns of Court are noticed in the article OF COURT, vol. xiii. p. 68 sq. SCIENCE. The great medical schools owe their fame and success Medical to the attraction which London presents to eminent physicians and schools, surgeons, and to the existence of extensive medical and surgical hospitals, which afford unequalled opportunities for the study of disease. In addition to the university of London, the Royal College of Physicians, founded by Linacre, physician to Henry VII. and Henry VIII., is an examining body for diplomas in medicine ; and the Royal College of Surgeons, which originated in the livery com pany of Barber-Surgeons, formed by the incorporation of the surgeons with the barbers in 1540, has similar authority in regard to the practice of surgery. The College of Physicians, originally located in the private house of Linacre in Knight-I!ider Street, and after wards in a building designed by Wren in Warwick Lane, removed to its present site in Trafalgar Square in 1825, where a Groico-Italian structure was erected from the designs of Smirke at a cost of 30,000. The College of Surgeons, Lincoln s Inn Fields, erected 1835-37 from the designs of Barry at a cost of 40,000, contains the Hunterian Museum, purchased by parliament in 1799 (see HUNTEK, vol. xii. p. 390), an extensive library, and a lecture theatre. Until the time of John Hunter the medical and surgical education obtainable in London was of a very unsystematic character, and chiefly of a private nature, the provision made for dissection bein" often of the meagrest kind, while the lectures on anatomy and surgery were both included in a course of six weeks. Hunter s lectures, first delivered in 1774, had a very influential effect in the development of the medical and surgical schools connected with the hospitals, but their most rapid progress has been during the present century. A full description both of these hospitals and of the hospitals for special diseases will be found in the article ENGLAND, vol. viii. p. 253 sq. , and the article HOSPITAL, vt 1. xii. p. 301 sq. Other Among the other scientific schools of London may be mentioned scientific the Royal School of Mines, Jermyn Street ; the Normal School of schools. Science, South Kensington ; the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town ; the Royal Naval College, Greenwich ; the Royal Naval School, New Cross ; the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich ; and the School of Practical Engineering at the Crystal Palace. The Guilds of London Institute for the advancement of technical education have lately founded colleges at Finsbury and South Kensington. The foundation stone of the South Kensington Institute was laid in 1882, and the building will be opened in 1884, the cost being 75,000, making a total with the Finsbury College of 102,000, in addition to 20,000 for fittings. The amount contributed by the Livery Companies to the undertaking is 23,000. The most influential of the scientific societies is the Royal Society, Scientific incorporated by Charles II. in 1663. Originally located near societies. Gresham College, Crane Court, it was removed in 1780 to Somerset House, and since 1857 it has occupied rooms in Burlington House, Piccadilly. In 1854 old Burlington House, built by Richard Boyle, earl of Burlington, was purchased by the Government for 140,000, and in 1872 a new building in the Renaissance style was erected for the various societies formerly accommoclattd in Somerset House, viz., the Chemical Society, the Geological Society (instituted 1807, incorporated 1826), the Society of Antiquaries (1707, 1751), the Royal Astronomical Society (1820, 1831), and the Linnean Society (1788, 1802). The Royal Geographical Society (1830, 1859), occupy ing a commodious building in Savile Row, has within the last forty years taken a leading part in promoting geographical discovery. The Royal Asiatic Society (1823) is in Albemarle Street. The Royal Institution of Great Britain, in the same street, estab lished in 1799 chiefly for the promotion of research in connexion with the experimental sciences, possesses a large library, a miner- alogical museum, a chemical and a physical laboratory, and a foundation for a course of lectures. The Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, established in 1754 and incorporated in 1847, for the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce, offers rewards for new inventions and discoveries, and grants certifi cates and prizes for proficiency in commercial knowledge, the industrial arts, musical theory, and domestic economy. Among other scientific societies the principal are the Statistical, the Meteorological, the Anthropological, the Entomological, the Numismatic, the Zoological, the Botanic, the Horticultural, the Institute of Civil Engineers, and the Royal Institute of British Architects. The Zoological Society, instituted in 1826, rented in 1828 a portion of Regent s Park, where they established gardens which now contain one of the finest collections of live specimens in the world. The gardens of the Botanic Society, which occupy 18 acres of llegent s Park, are not of a strictly scientific character, being used chiefly for musical promenades and flower shows, and are to be distinguished from the Government gardens at Kew, which are noticed under KEW (q. v. ) The Horticultural Society, founded in 1804, possesses large fruit and flower gardens at Chiswit k, and in 1861 entered upon a lease of 22 acres of ground, formerly occupied by the Exhibition of 1851, which they laid out at a cost of 50,000, and where they now hold their flower shows and fetes. Of museums, London possesses two on a scale of unexampled
