386 S P E E C H-S U N D S (T?) V 2, T 19. B. hears it in E dungeon, motion, conscious, aban- don, honoi*r, bellows. E. hears it in these syllables and in E parental, capable, rapacious, China, and G gabe. Sv. and Sv. hear (a) in all these cases. M. (ee, feh). (JB) V 34, T 6, E gnat, almost peculiarly E. (cell) V 36. B. hears it as a Cockney substitute for oil, ow in out, now, which E., a born Londoner, does not know. Sv. finds it to be "open " G 6, see (y). B. (b bh brh, b 15 bhj, B). (b) S7 g, Cii 13, art. 8, E &ee, ebb. (bh) S 5g, Civ 12, o w, lips flat, not touching teeth, see (ph). (brh) C vi 13, used by Germans to stop horses, as wo ! is in England. (bj) C ii 12, sonant of (pj), which see, theoretical. (bhj) S 6 g, sonant of (pEA which see, theoretical. (B) Cii 11, sonant of (p), which see, theoretical. C. (o oh, o'i, 5 h, f fh). (o) V12, Til, E knot, almost peculiarly E, replaced on the Continent by (o, oh, oh), which see. (oh) V24. B. calls it an advanced (o), that is (,o), and hears it as regular short Irish-English o, Cockney ask, American Chicago. Sw. hears it in SWD son. Sv. gives no example. E. does not know it. (o'i) art. 7 i, diphthong E foil, by some taken as (A?i). (9) reverted (s), the under part of the point of the tongue against the palate. St. 1 hears it in East Norwegian borse and also in SWD. (9h) reverted (sh), SN. TJ, the under part of the point of the tongue against the palate, but lower than for (9) and pointing further back, see (TJ). (e) buzz of (9), theoretical, (ch) reverted (zh), buzz of (9!!), see (DJ). D. (d dj dh dj, v d, dh,, d, D DJ oh, tj rjj). (d) S 7 c, C ii 8, E doe, sonant of (t), which see. (dj) art. 12, E judging, consonantal diphthong = (djzhj), usually assumed as (dzh), and also as SN ^f, for which see (gj), and AR *-, which Lepsius thinks was also once (gj). S5d, Civ 10, E then, MG d, AR j, buzz of (th), see (dh,). C ii 6, Hungarian gyongy, pearl, art. 12. S 7 d, C ii 9, F donx, tip of tongue against gums, used in some midland and northern E dialects before r, -cr. (dh,) Civ 10, SP lid, lisped (z), retracted (dh). (d) AR ^> (duad), described by Lepsius as close emphatic (^l 1 ), see (s, t, z) and especially (K). (D) C ii 7, reverted or cerebral SN u, common in south-west Eng- land, in connexion with (R), which see, by some taken to lie retracted (d,), parent of E (d). (DJ) a reverted consonantal diphthong = (o + ch), heard in AVilt- shire (BRDJ) ridge. (Dh) reverted (dh), under part of point of tongue against teeth, theoretical. (&) Irish Gaelic o"air, an oak, " broad " post-aspirated sonant. The place of tip of tongue unimportant, but generally taken as dental or interdental. Essential points, tongue laterally expanded and slack, back raised, leaving a hollow "front." Followed by a slow voice glide, resembling a preponderating E (sh) mixed with (gh). This glide, occur- ring between a sonant and a vowel, is closer at first than for an ordinary buzz and then more open. Constantly used for (dh) by Irish speakers of E. [Lecky, MS. communi- cation.] (toj) Irish Gaelic o"eas, palatalized or slender (B) ; glide from it like preponderating (j) mixed with (z). [Lecky, MS. communication.] E. (e GA, e, E, 9 eh, a 1 , 9 eh, 9 a , a, a'o). (e) V 30, T 4, E net, SP c, medial between F and IT close and open (e, E), often (E) in dialectal E. B. hears it only long in E there. Sw. gives F pere, which E. hears with (F.E). Sv. gives E men, o manner, dhre, DN trae. LLB. hears it always and only in unaccented IT syllables. (eA) art. 11, orinasal, F vin, conventional symbol. (e) V 29, T 3, F Ae, G ehre. B. says it is found in E always and only in the vanish (ee'j), art. 6 ; but E. hears the vanish from received speakers only in the pause, otherwise he fre- quently hears (ee) without vanish. Sw., Sv., and St. do not admit (ee) in E without vanish. (E) V 33, T 5. B. considers it the regular E sound in net, see (e). E hears it long in G spraehe, F bete, IT open e. Sw. hears it in E air, LS men, F vin (VEA). Sv. also in DN lra. (o) V 17, T 20. E. hears it in his E nut, which B. wrote (nat) from Engliscke Philologie : I. Die lebende Sprocfie, p. 42, (ah) (a 1 ) (3) (ah) (a x ) (a) (a'o) ' F. (f) (j) G. (g) (gj) (gh) (gj) E.'s dictation ; many think (a,9) are used respectively in E accented and unaccented syllables where E. hears (a, v), and he is very familiar with (a) in dialects. Sv. gives "stage G" gabe, DN normal gave, SWD gosse. V 21. Sw. gives E bird, where E hears (a). B. heard it only in Somerset sir and Cockney penny ; the whole effect of the first appears to E. due to Somerset (R), the second he does not know. intermediate between (a) and (i), written ti in Mr Elworthy's West-Somerset grammar, a very common and characteristic sound in the dialect, but difficult and strange beyond it. V 31, T 17, F feu, pe?t. B. hears it in F du, brtt and in LS. E. hears it long in G hd'Ale. Sv. says the G sound is (0303), not (aa), see (y). V 35. B. hears it long in F peur, G schone, &c., short in F jei^ne, G stoeke. E. hears (aa) in schone and (ce) in the rest. See Sv. in (y). intermediate between (a) and (ce), a common west Somerset sound ; possibly Sv.'s "open G ii." See under (y). V 5, T 21. B. hears it in E done, young, iin, twopence, where it sounds dialectal to E., who hears (a), which see. art. 7 ix, acute inchoant diphthong. (U). S 1 i, C iii 11, E/eel, lower lip against upper teeth. a turned f, a modifier, laxly used ; see mute and sonant (kj, gj), lateral flap (Ij), nasals (nj, dj) and consonant diphthongs (tj dj, TJ DJ). (g gj gh gj gjh grh gw givh, G ch). S 7 a, C ii 3, art. 8, E (/ape, egg. S 7 6, C ii 5, SN g, sonant of (kj), which see, and also (dj). S 5 a, C iv 3, mid G tage, buzz of (kh), which see, and also (gjh, gwh). C ii 4, IT la g/iianda, sonant of (kj), which see, formerly common in E before (a, je), as guard, garrison, now generally preserved in girl, even in the vulgar form (gjsel). C iv 4, mid G siege, buzz of (kjh), which see, confused by Germans themselves with (j), palatalized (gh). C vi 3, AR c. (grhain), or (gh) with the uvula slightly trilled, frequent Dutch g, MG 7 before (a, o, u) in a mild form ; Lepsius takes the AR sound to be (Gh), which see. art. 1 2, C ii 2, E guano, sonant of (law), which see ; the posi- tions for (g) and (w) are assumed at the same time. C iv 2, G augre, fu^e, sonant of (k?di), which see ; labialized (gh) after (u). C ii 1, sonant of (K), which see, theoretical. buzz of (G), see above under (grh). (h 'h 'h Jh, h, H, Hjh). when no letter, and, at most, some sign precedes, used for the unanalysed physem, art. 5 ; after a letter very laxly used as a modifier of vowels (ah oh), and consonantal hisses or buzzes (th dh sh zh kh gh), &c. simple flatus, the (h) omitted when another letter precedes, as in the recoil (hsep 1 ) hap, art. 8. the crudest voice producible, opposed to ('h), the (h) omitted in the voiced recoil (ded') dead, art. 8, and in ('1, 'm, 'n, 'r) syllabic. smack or click, art. 2, (1), the (h) is omitted after consonants showing the clicking parts, as (Kt, tjt, tjSt, k tt,Tt) guttural, palatal, unilateral, dental, and reverted click, see the turned numerals (8 t Z S )> which are used for brevity. art. 5, physem (2), the AR (haa), or "wheeze." art. 5, physem (1), the "jerk" or unflated aspirate, used as post-aspirate after Indian sonants, as SN >J (bna). jerked flatus with gradual glottid, art. 5, physem (1), the usual aspirate of Scotland and Germany, and the Indian (gw) (gii'h) (G) (G!I) H. (h) ('h) ('h) (h) (H) (H[h) post-aspirate after mutes, thus SN 7? ^J Tfiare (knih, 4 tH[h, (pii[h), usually written kh, th,ph, but not to be confused with the palaeotype (kh, th, ph). I. (i ia iij, i ii, i). (i) V 25, T 1, short F til (very different from E fill), long E feel. (ia) art. 7 iv, typical initial weak (i) diphthong, often confused with (ja). (ii.i) art. 7 vii, typical murmur diphthong with following per- missive trill. (i) V 26, T 2, E kmt, almost peculiarly E and Icelandic, but often heard in Germany ; long E (ii) is often replaced by (ii), especially before and after (r) and in singing. (Ii) art. 7 ix, typical grave inchoant diphthong. (i) V 27. B. hears it in G ttber, glwck ; Sw. in F lne, where B. hears (y) ; E. inclines to (i) in G, but Sv. thinks differ- ently, see (y).
